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The summary of researches on ADS in China
XIA Haihong, ZHAO Zhixiang, LI Jigen, SHI Yongqian, HAN Yinlu, ZHU Shengyun, XU Yongli, GUAN Xialing, CUI Baoqun, FU Shinian
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 135-140.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-007-0017-7
The conceptual study on the accelerator driven system (ADS) that lasted for about five years ended in 1999 in China. As one project of the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) in the energy domain, which is sponsored by the China Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), a five-year-program of fundamental research of ADS physics and related technology was launched in 2000 and passed national review at the end of 2005. The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics in Peking University (PKU-IHIP) and other institutions jointly carried out the research. The research activities were focused on HPPA physics and technology, reactor physics of external source driven sub-critical assembly, nuclear data base and material study. For HPPA, a high current injector consisting of an ECR ion source, LEBT and an RFQ accelerating structure of 3.5 MeV was built. In reactor physics study, a series of neutron multiplication experimental study has been carried out and still being done. The VENUS facility has been constructed as the basic experimental platform for neutronics study in ADS blanket. It s a zero power sub-critical neutron multiplying assembly driven by external neutron produced by a pulsed neutron generator. The theoretical, experimental and simulation study on nuclear data, material properties and nuclear fuel circulation related to ADS is carrying on to provide the database for ADS system analysis. The main results on ADS related researches will be reported.
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China ADS sub-critical experimental assembly—Venus-1 and preliminary experiment
SHI Yongqian, XIA Pu, LUO Zhanglin, ZHAO Zhixiang, DING Dazhao, ZHU Qinfu, XIA Haihong, LI Jigen, ZHANG Wei, CAO Jian, QUAN Yanhui, LUO Huangda, WU Xiaofei
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 150-157.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-007-0019-5
China s accelerator-driven sub-critical system (ADS) sub-critical experimental assembly Venus-1 and the preliminary experiment is presented. The core of Venus-1 is a coupled one of a fast neutron zone and a thermal neutron zone. The fast neutron zone is at the centre of the core and formed by natural uranium fuel. A fast neutron spectrum field can be produced in the fast neutron zone and used for the transmutation of minor actinides (MAs). The thermal neutron zone surrounds the fast neutron zone and is formed by low-enriched uranium fuel. It is a fission zone. An epithermal neutron zone between the fast neutron zone and the thermal neutron zone can be established for the transmutation of long-lived fission products (LLFP). On July 18, 2005, the first fuel element was loaded into the Venus-1 sub-critical assembly and some preliminary experiments about the sub-critical neutronics were performed. The Venus-1 can be driven by an Am-Be source or other steady neutron source (Cf-252, D-D reaction and D-T reaction) to study the effect of the external neutron source with different energies or a D-T pulsed neutron source on the dynamic characteristics.
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Estimation of thermodynamic properties of the ternary molten salt system, LiF-NaF-BeF2, by the modified Peng-Robinson equation
ZHANG Dalin, QIU Suizheng, SU Guanghui, JIA Dounan
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 174-180.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-007-0022-x
The molten salt reactor (MSR), which is one of the generation IV reactors, can meet the demand of transmutation and breeding. The thermodynamic properties of the molten salt system like LiF-NaF-BeF2 influence the design and construction of the fuel salt and coolant in the MSR for the new generation. In this paper, the equation of state of the ternary system 15%LiF-58%NaF-27%BeF2, over the temperature range from 873.15 to 1 073.15 K at one atmosphere pressure, is described using a modified Peng-Robinson (PR) equation. The densities of the ternary system and its components are estimated by this equation directly, and compared with the experimental data. Based on the equation of state, the other thermodynamic properties such as the enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity at constant pressure are estimated by the residual function method and the fugacity coefficient method respectively. The densities calculated by PR equation are highly in agreement with the experimental data, and the enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity evaluated by the two different methods are consistent with each other. It can be concluded that the modified PR equation can be applied to evaluate the density of the molten salt system, and it is recommended that it be used as the basis to estimate the enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity of the molten salt system.
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Development of a steady thermal-hydraulic analysis code for the China Advanced Research Reactor
TIAN Wenxi, QIU Suizheng, GUO Yun, SU Guanghui, JIA Dounan, LIU Tiancai, ZHANG Jianwei
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 189-194.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00000-007-0024-8
A multi-channel model steady-state thermal-hydraulic analysis code was developed for the China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR). By simulating the whole reactor core, the detailed mass flow distribution in the core was obtained. The result shows that structure size plays the most important role in mass flow distribution, and the influence of core power could be neglected under single-phase flow. The temperature field of the fuel element under unsymmetrical cooling condition was also obtained, which is necessary for further study such as stress analysis, etc. of the fuel element. At the same time, considering the hot channel effect including engineering factor and nuclear factor, calculation of the mean and hot channel was carried out and it is proved that all thermal-hydraulic parameters satisfy the Safety design regulation of CARR .
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Investigations on multicycle spray detonations
LI Mu, YAN Chuanjun, ZHENG Longxi, WANG Zhiwu, QIU Hua
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 207-212.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00000-007-0027-5
Experimental investigations were carried out on a 50-I.D. multicycle pulse detonation engine (PDE) model, and liquid fuel (gasoline) was used. The average of pressure peak, as measured by piezoelectricity pressure transducer, increased versus distance to thrust wall before fully-developed detonation came into being. According to the pressure history, the pressure in detonation tube would not rise abruptly until the flame front advanced a certain distance downstream the spark. Just at that moment, two compression waves spreading to opposite direction were formed. One was enforced by combustion and became detonation rapidly. The other was weakened because of obstacles and insufficiency of fuel. Two methods were used to determine the induction length of two-phase detonation wave through the pressure history. Ignition delay time was found to be longer than deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) time, and the sum of the two would change little as cycle frequency increased. So they could be the most important factors controlling two-phase PDE frequency. Filling process and blowdown process were also analyzed.
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Influence of mineral transformation on emission of particulate matters during coal combustion
LIU Xiaowei, XU Minghou, YU Dunxi, GAO Xiangpeng, CAO Qian, HAO Wei
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 213-217.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00000-007-0028-4
Combustion of pulverized coal was studied in a drop tube furnace to understand coal mineral properties with the emission of particulate matters (PM). Experimental conditions were selected as follows: coal particle size was smaller than 63 μm; reaction temperature was 1 100vH, 1 250vH and 1 400vH respectively; oxygen content was 20% and 50% respectively. PM was collected with a 13-stagelow pressure impactor (LPI) having an aerodynamic cut-off diameter ranging from 10.0 μm to 0.03 μm for a size-segregated collection. Such properties as concentration, particle size distribution and elemental composition of PM were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the emitted PM has a bimodal distribution having two peaks around 4.0 μm and 0.1 μm. Increasing temperature leads to the formation of more PM; varied oxygen content leads to much change of emitted PM. PM was also subjected to XRF analysis to quantify the elemental composition. The results show that PM of 0.1 μm is rich in sulfates. Meanwhile, SiO2 and Al2O3 are prevalent in PM of 4.0 μm, which means that the last peak around 4.0 μm is mainly aluminosilicate salts.
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Emergy evaluation of polygeneration systems
WANG Lingmei, LI Zheng, NI Weidou
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 223-227.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00000-007-0030-x
To expand the application range of the emergy evaluation method, an emergy evaluation index, which can reflect the particular feature of polygeneration systems, has been elaborated on the basis of energy and emergy conservation, guided by the fundamental principle of emergy analysis. With this index, the cost structure, emission effect and energy saved were all considered on the same level of importance. To exemplify, some power polygeneration systems (methanol-power generation, hydrogen-power generation) are considered using coal as the basic fuel. The results showed that emergy evaluation indices are practical for comprehensively evaluating polygeneration systems and their sustainability, which is influenced by such factors as the joining mode of polygeneration and the technologies used. The sustainability of polygeneration systems, which work on an appropriate ratio of fuel-to-electric power basis, is higher than that of singular production systems.
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Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine fueled with Fischer-Tropsch diesel
HUANG Yongcheng, ZHOU Longbao, PAN Keyu
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007, 1 (2): 239-244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-007-0033-7
Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel is characterized by a high cetane number, a near-zero sulphur content and a very low aromatic level. On the basis of the recorded incylinder pressures and injector needle lifts, the combustion characteristics of an unmodified single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine operating on F-T diesel fuel are analyzed and compared with those of conventional diesel fuel operation. The results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits a slightly longer injection delay and injection duration, an average of 18.7% shorter ignition delay, and a comparable total combustion duration when compared to those of conventional diesel fuel. Meanwhile, F-T diesel fuel displays an average of 26.8% lower peak value of premixed burning rate and a higher peak value of diffusive burning rate. In addition, the F-T diesel engine has a slightly lower peak combustion pressure, a far lower rate of pressure rise, and a lower mechanical load and combustion noise than the conventional diesel engine. The brake specific fuel consumption is lower and the effective thermal efficiency is higher for F-T diesel fuel operation.
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