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LNG-FPSO: Offshore LNG solution
GU Yan, JU Yonglin
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China - Selected Publications from Chinese Universities. 2008, 2 (3): 249-255.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-008-0050-1
The floating production, storage and offloading system for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO), is a new conceptual unit and an effective and realistic way for exploitation, recovery, storage, transportation and end-use applications of marginal gas fields and offshore associated-gas resources. However, a real LNG-FPSO unit cannot be built unless some breakthroughs in many key technologies are produced. Many unique characteristics of LNG-FPSO, such as restricted space, platform motion, LNG sloshing in inner storage tank and offloading system, which have not been considered in the onshore projects, are the most rigorous factors to be taken into account during design. In this paper, the overall layout of a typical LNG-FPSO unit is reviewed; the leading liquefaction technologies and processes are compared and discussed. Taking the effects of the vessel motion and limited space into account, the applicability of the main systems and key equipments of storage, offloading and power supply, are analyzed.
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Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion
and emissions of direct injection diesel engine
HUANG Yongcheng, WANG Shangxue, ZHOU Longbao
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China - Selected Publications from Chinese Universities. 2008, 2 (3): 261-267.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-008-0062-x
Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NOx emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions.
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Experimental study and product analysis of lignocellulosic
biomass hydrolysis under extremely low acids
WANG Shurong, LUO Zhongyang, CEN Kefa, ZHUANG Xinshu
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China - Selected Publications from Chinese Universities. 2008, 2 (3): 268-272.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-008-0046-x
Using our self-designed facility for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis under extremely low acid, and under the optimal reaction conditions of hemicellulose and cellulose determined by xylan and quantitative filter paper as the model, two-step dilute acid hydrolysis was carried out in detail on pine, fast-growing poplar and maize straw. The corresponding conversion ratio is 41.78%, 57.84% and 53.44% and the total reducing sugar conversion ratio is 39.28%, 42.83% and 23.82% respectively. Simultaneously, sugar component analysis of the products was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and monosaccharide and oligosaccharide content were compared. Finally, poplar hydrolysis residues were analyzed by proximate and ultimate analysis.
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Ignition delay of dual fuel engine operating
with methanol ignited by pilot diesel
ZOU Hongbo, WANG Lijun, LIU Shenghua, LI Yu
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China - Selected Publications from Chinese Universities. 2008, 2 (3): 285-290.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-008-0060-z
An investigation on the ignition delay of a dual fuel engine operating with methanol ignited by pilot diesel was conducted on a TY1100 direct-injection diesel engine equipped with an electronic controlled methanol low-pressure injection system. The experimental results show that the polytropic index of compression process of the dual fuel engine decreases linearly while the ignition delay increases with the increase in methanol mass fraction. Compared with the conventional diesel engine, the ignition delay increment of the dual fuel engine is about 1.5° at a methanol mass fraction of 62%, an engine speed of 1600 r/min, and full engine load. With the elevation of the intake charge temperature from 20°C to 40°C and then to 60°C, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine decreases and is more obvious at high temperature. Moreover, with the increase in engine speed, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine by time scale (ms) decreases clearly under all engine operating conditions. However, the ignition delay of the dual fuel engine increases remarkably by advancing the delivery timing of pilot diesel, especially at light engine loads.
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Aerodynamic performance of bowed compressor cascades
with different camber angles
CHEN Shaowen, CHEN Fu, WANG Keli, GU Jun, WANG Zhongqi
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China - Selected Publications from Chinese Universities. 2008, 2 (3): 306-312.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-008-0056-8
The effects of a positively bowed blade on the aerodynamic performance of annular compressor cascades with different camber angles were experimentally investigated. The distributions of the exit total pressure loss and secondary flow vectors of the compressor cascades were analyzed. The static pressure was measured by tapping on the cascade surfaces, and the ink-trace flow visualizations were conducted. The results show that the value of the optimum bowed angle and optimum bowed height decrease because of the increased losses at the mid-span with the increase of the camber angle. The C-shape static pressure distribution along the radial direction exists on the suction surface of the straight cascade with larger camber angles. When bowed blade is applied, the larger bowed angle and larger bowed height will further enhance the accumulation of the low-energy fluid at the mid-span, thus causing the flow behavior to deteriorate. Under 60° camber angle, flow behavior near the end-wall region of some bowed cascades even deteriorates instead of improving because the blockage of the separated flow near the mid-span keeps the low-energy fluid near the end-walls from moving towards the mid-span region. As a result, a rapid augmentation of the total loss can easily take place under a large bowed angle.
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