Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

邮发代号 80-972

2019 Impact Factor: 2.657

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2013年, 第7卷 第3期 出版日期:2013-09-05

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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Life-cycle analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of gas-to-liquid fuel pathway from steel mill off-gas in China by the LanzaTech process
Xunmin OU, Xu ZHANG, Qian ZHANG, Xiliang ZHANG
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 263-270.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0263-9

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The LanzaTech process can convert carbon monoxide-containing gases produced by industries, such as steel manufacturing, into valuable fuel products. The life-cycle analysis (LCA) of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from the LanzaTech process has been developed for a Chinese setting using the original Tsinghua China Automotive LCA model along with a customized module developed principally for the process. The LCA results demonstrate that LanzaTech gas-to-liquid (GTL) processing in China’s steel manufacturing is favorable in terms of life-cycle fossil energy and can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 50% compared with the conventional petroleum gasoline. The LanzaTech process, therefore, shows advantages in both energy-savings and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when compared with most bio-ethanol production pathways in China.

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Experimental investigation and comparative study of inter-turn short-circuits and unbalanced voltage supply in induction machines
Fatima BABAA, Abdelmalek KHEZZAR, Mohamed el kamel OUMAAMAR
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 271-278.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0258-6

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A transient model for an induction machine with stator winding turn faults on a single phase is derived using reference frame transformation theory. The negative sequence component and the 3rd harmonic are often considered as accurate indicators. However, small unbalance in the supply voltage and/or in the machine structure that exists in any real system engenders the same harmonics components. In this case, it is too difficult to distinguish between the current harmonics due to the supply voltage and those originated by inter-turn short-circuit faults. For that, to have the correct diagnosis and to increase the sensitivity and the reliability of the diagnostic system, it is crucial to provide the relationship between the inter-turn short-circuits in the stator winding and the supply voltage imbalance through an accurate mathematical model and via a series of experimental essays.

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Experimental investigation and ANN modeling on improved performance of an innovative method of using heave response of a non-floating object for ocean wave energy conversion
Srinivasan CHANDRASEKARAN, Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK, Karuppan SIVAKUMAR, Dhanasekaran SELVAMUTHUKUMARAN, Shaji SIDNEY
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 279-287.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0268-4

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To convert wave energy into usable forms of energy by utilizing heaving body, heaving bodies (buoys) which are buoyant in nature and float on the water surface are usually used. The wave exerts excess buoyancy force on the buoy, lifting it during the approach of wave crest while the gravity pulls it down during the wave trough. A hydraulic, direct or mechanical power takeoff is used to convert this up and down motion of the buoy to produce usable forms of energy. Though using a floating buoy for harnessing wave energy is conventional, this device faces many challenges in improving the overall conversion efficiency and survivability in extreme conditions. Up to the present, no studies have been done to harness ocean waves using a non-floating object and to find out the merits and demerits of the system. In the present paper, an innovative heaving body type of wave energy converter with a non-floating object was proposed to harness waves. It was also shown that the conversion efficiency and safety of the proposed device were significantly higher than any other device proposed with floating buoy. To demonstrate the improvements, experiments were conducted with non-floating body for different dimensions and the heave response was noted. Power generation was not considered in the experiment to observe the worst case response of the heaving body. The device was modeled in artificial neural network (ANN), the heave response for various parameters were predicted, and compared with the experimental results. It was found that the ANN model could predict the heave response with an accuracy of 99%.

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Well-being analysis of GSU transformer insulation incorporating the impact on power generation using fuzzy logic
Alagarsamy KRISHNAVEL, Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA, M. Jaya Bharata REDDY
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 288-299.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0265-7

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With the prevailing power scenario, every watt-second of electrical energy has its own merit in satisfying the consumer demand. At the state of such a stringent energy demanding era, failure of a power generation equipment compounds the energy constraints which will not only result in a huge loss of generation but also have an impact on capital revenue. The unexpected failure of generator step-up (GSU) transformer is especially a major disturbance in the power system operation and leads to unscheduled outages with power delivery problems. The time lag in bringing back the equipment in service after rectification or replacement may increase the criticality as the process involves mobilization of spares and maintenance professionals. Hot atmosphere existing in the vicinity of thermal power stations running round-the-clock with more than 100% plant load factor (PLF) increases the thermal stress of the electrical insulation which leads to premature failure of windings, bushings, core laminations, etc. The healthy state of the GSU transformer has to be ensured to minimize the loss of power generation. As the predication related to failure of a GSU transformer is associated with some uncertainties, a fuzzy approach is employed in this paper along with actual field data and case studies for the well-being analysis of GSU transformer.

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Experimental evaluation of a 35 kVA downdraft gasifier
Ashok Jayawant Rao KECHE, Gaddale AMBA PRASAD RAO
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 300-306.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0247-9

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Energy conversion systems based on biomass are particularly interesting because biomass utilization effectively closes the carbon cycle besides achieving self-sustainability. Biomass is particularly useful for highly populated and agriculture dependent economic nations like China and India. A compact and cost effective downdraft gasification system was developed. The present paper describes an experimental investigation on a biomass based gasifier engine system with a capacity of 35 kVA for power generation application. The problem of cooling and cleaning the hot and dirty gas from the gasifier has been satisfactorily solved by the effective cooling and filtration system. The gasifier developed is observed to be operation friendly. The quality of gas was evaluated in terms of its composition, conversion efficiency and total particulate matter. The maximum output of the power plant was obtained at the combustion zone temperature of 850oC. The experimental investigations showed that the percentage reduction in total particulate matter is 89.32%. The conversion efficiency of the biomass gasifier is found to be dependent on the operation conditions and fuel properties of the gasifier. The optimum value of equivalence ratio was observed to be 0.3134 for achieving the maximum gas conversion efficiency of the present gasifier configuration.

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An interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller for TCSC to improve the damping of power system oscillations
Manoj Kumar PANDA, Gopinath PILLAI, Vijay KUMAR
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 307-316.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0269-3

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In this paper an interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) was proposed for thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) to improve power system damping. For controller design, memberships of system variables were represented using interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The three-dimensional membership function of type-2 fuzzy sets provided additional degree of freedom that made it possible to directly model and handle uncertainties. Simulations conducted on a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system showed that the proposed controller was more effective than particle swarm optimization (PSO) tuned and type-1 fuzzy logic (T1FL) based damping controllers. Robust performance of the proposed controller was also validated at different operating conditions, various disturbances and parameter variation of the transmission line parameters.

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REVIEW ARTICLE
Liquid metal material genome: Initiation of a new research track towards discovery of advanced energy materials
Lei WANG, Jing LIU
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 317-332.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0271-9

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As the basis of modern industry, the roles materials play are becoming increasingly vital in this day and age. With many superior physical properties over conventional fluids, the low melting point liquid metal material, especially room-temperature liquid metal, is recently found to be uniquely useful in a wide variety of emerging areas from energy, electronics to medical sciences. However, with the coming enormous utilization of such materials, serious issues also arise which urgently need to be addressed. A biggest concern to impede the large scale application of room-temperature liquid metal technologies is that there is currently a strong shortage of the materials and species available to meet the tough requirements such as cost, melting point, electrical and thermal conductivity, etc. Inspired by the Material Genome Initiative as issued in 2011 by the United States of America, a more specific and focused project initiative was proposed in this paper—the liquid metal material genome aimed to discover advanced new functional alloys with low melting point so as to fulfill various increasing needs. The basic schemes and road map for this new research program, which is expected to have a worldwide significance, were outlined. The theoretical strategies and experimental methods in the research and development of liquid metal material genome were introduced. Particularly, the calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) approach as a highly effective way for material design was discussed. Further, the first-principles (FP) calculation was suggested to combine with the statistical thermodynamics to calculate the thermodynamic functions so as to enrich the CALPHAD database of liquid metals. When the experimental data are too scarce to perform a regular treatment, the combination of FP calculation, cluster variation method (CVM) or molecular dynamics (MD), and CALPHAD, referred to as the mixed FP-CVM-CALPHAD method can be a promising way to solve the problem. Except for the theoretical strategies, several parallel processing experimental methods were also analyzed, which can help improve the efficiency of finding new liquid metal materials and reducing the cost. The liquid metal material genome proposal as initiated in this paper will accelerate the process of finding and utilization of new functional materials.

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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Unit commitment using dynamic programming–an exhaustive working of both classical and stochastic approach
Balasubramaniyan SARAVANAN, Surbhi SIKRI, K. S. SWARUP, D. P. KOTHARI
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 333-341.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0259-5

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In the present electricity market, where renewable energy power plants have been included in the power systems, there is a lot of unpredictability in the demand and generation. There are many conventional and evolutionary programming techniques used for solving the unit commitment (UC) problem. Dynamic programming (DP) is a conventional algorithm used to solve the deterministic problem. In this paper DP is used to solve the stochastic model of UC problem. The stochastic modeling for load and generation side has been formulated using an approximate state decision approach. The programs were developed in a MATLAB environment and were extensively tested for a four-unit eight-hour system. The results obtained from these techniques were validated with the available literature and outcome was good. The commitment is in such a way that the total cost is minimal. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that DP is used for solving the stochastic UC problem.

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Dynamic characteristics and improved MPPT control of PV generator
Houda BRAHMI, Rachid DHIFAOUI
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 342-350.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0242-1

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This paper presents a mathematical model of photovoltaic (PV) module and gives a strategy to calculate online the maximum power point (MPP). The variation of series and shunt resistor are taken into account in the model and are dynamically identified using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by laboratory experiments obtained by implementing the model on the dSPACE DS1104 board.

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A modified zone model for estimating equivalent room thermal capacity
Hua CHEN, Xiaolin WANG
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 351-357.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0254-x

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The zone model has been widely applied in control analysis of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to achieve a high building efficiency. This paper proposed a modified zone model which is much simpler in the HVAC system simulation and has the similar accuracy to the complicated simulation model. The proposed model took into consideration the effect of envelop heat reservoir on the room indoor temperature by introducing the thermal admittance of the inner surfaces of the building enclosure. The thermal admittance for the building enclosure was developed based on the building thermal network analytical theory and transfer function method. The efficacy of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing it with the complicated model — heat balance method (HTB2 program). The predicted results from the proposed model well agreed with those from the complicated simulation. The proposed model can then make the HVAC system dynamic simulation much faster and more acceptable for control design due to its simplicity and efficiency.

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Optimal placement of PMUs for the smart grid implementation in Indian power grid—A case study
Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR, G. Surya CHANDRA, M. Jaya Bharata REDDY, Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 358-372.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0257-7

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Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid (SG) can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources. The present Indian power grid requires revolutionary changes to meet the growing demands and to make the grid smarter and reliable. One of the important requirements for SG is the instantaneous monitoring of the voltage, current and power flows at all buses in the grid. The traditional monitoring system cannot satisfy this requirement since they are based on nonlinear power flow equations. Synchro-phasor-measurement devices like phasor measurement units (PMUs) can measure the phasor values of voltages at installed buses. Consequently, the currents passing through all branches connected to that bus can be computed. Since the voltage phasor values at the neighboring buses of a bus containing the PMU can be estimated using Ohm’s law, it is redundant to install PMUs at all the buses in a power grid for its complete observability. This paper proposes the optimal geographical locations for the PMUs in southern region Indian power grid for the implementation of SG, using Integer Linear Programming. The proposed optimal geographical locations for PMU placement can be a stepping stone for the implementation of SG in India.

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Real-time simulation platform for photovoltaic system with a boost converter using MPPT algorithm in a DSP controller
Geethanjali PURUSHOTHAMAN, Vimisha VENUGOPALAN, Aleena Mariya VINCENT
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 373-379.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0272-8

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Recently, real-time simulation of renewable energy sources are indispensible for evaluating the performance of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, especially in the photovoltaic (PV) system in order to reduce cost in the testing phase. Nowadays, real time PV simulators are obtained by using analog and/or digital components. In this paper, a real-time simulation of a PV system with a boost converter was proposed using only the digital signal processor (DSP) processor with two DC voltage sources to emulate the temperature and irradiation in the PV system. A MATLAB/Simulink environment was used to develop the real-time PV system with a boost converter into a C-program and build it into a DSP controller TMS320F28335. Besides, the performance of the real-time DSP-based PV was tested in different temperature and irradiation conditions to observe the P-V and V-I characteristics. Further, the performance of the PV with a boost converter was tested at different temperatures and irradiations using MPPT algorithms. This scheme was tested through simulation and the results were validated with that of standard conditions given in the PV data sheets. Implementation of this project helped to attract more researchers to study renewable energy applications without real sources. This might facilitate the study of PV systems in a real-time scenario and the evaluation of what should be expected for PV modules available in the market.

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Simulation of grid connection and maximum power point tracking control of brushless doubly-fed generator in wind power system
Hicham SERHOUD, Djilani BENATTOUS
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 380-387.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0252-z

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In this paper, based on the analysis of the mathematical model in a common synchronous reference frame of the brushless doubly-fed generator (BDFG), the grid connection strategy and maximum energy extraction control were both analyzed. Besides, the transient simulation of no-load model and generation model of the BDFG have been developed on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The test results during cutting-in grid confirmed the good dynamic performance of grid synchronization and effective power control approach for the BDFG-based variable speed wind turbines.

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Analysis of energy saving optimization of campus buildings based on energy simulation
Dingding TONG, Jing ZHAO
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 388-398.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0273-7

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The energy consumption of campus buildings has specific characteristics, because of the concentrated distribution of people’s working time and locations that change in line with distinct seasonal features. The traditional energy system design and operation for campus buildings is only based on the constant room temperature, such as 25°C in summer and 18°C in winter in China, not taking into consideration the real heating or cooling load characteristics of campus buildings with different functions during the whole day and whole year, which usually results in a lot of energy waste. This paper proposes to set different set-point temperatures in different operation stages of public and residential campus buildings to reduce the heating and cooling design load for energy station and total campus energy consumption for annual operation. Taking a campus under construction in Tianjin, China as an example, two kinds of single building models were established as the typical public building and residential building models on the campus. Besides, the models were simulated at both set-point room temperature and constant room temperature respectively. The comparison of the simulation results showed that the single building energy saving method of the peak load clipping could be used for further analysis of the annual energy consumption of campus building groups. The results proved that the strategy of set-point temperature optimization could efficiently reduce the design load and energy consumption of campus building groups.

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Comparison and analysis of energy consumption of energy-efficient office buildings in different climate regions in China: case studies
Ke ZHANG, Neng ZHU
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 399-405.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0260-z

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy consumption (EC) and find out the determining factors of energy-efficient office building cases according to specific case studies in typical cities of different climate zones in China. The investigated building cases were located in four cities (Beijing, Ningbo, Nanjing and Shenzhen) of three architecture thermotechnical design zones (cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone). The analysis indicates that the energy consumption index (ECI) of these four cases ranges from 41.06 to 74.23 kW·h/(m2·a). Besides, the outdoor climate can change the EC of air conditioning/heating systems, and further determine the monthly volatility of the total EC of the whole building.

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Influence of different oil feed rate on bituminous coal ignition in a full-scale tiny-oil ignition burner
Chunlong LIU, Qunyi ZHU, Zhengqi LI, Qiudong ZONG, Xiang ZHANG, Zhichao CHEN
Frontiers in Energy. 2013, 7 (3): 406-412.  
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0266-6

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To reduce oil consumption during firing-up and partial-load operation, a tiny-oil ignition burner has been recommended. Through reacting-flow experiments performed on a full-scale experimental setup, the influence of different oil flow rates on bituminous coal combustion as well as flow rates without coal feed was analyzed. The ignition burner is identical to that normally used in an 800 MWe utility boiler. Under operating conditions with flow rates of 50, 100, and 150 kg/h, gas temperature distributions were measured in the burner. At the equivalent measuring points at the exits of the first and second combustion chambers, these distributions remained almost unchanged under a constant coal feed rate of 4 t/h. However on the burner centerline, distributions increased slightly with increasing flow rate. Different gas concentrations were measured at the center of the burner exit. For instance, the O2 concentration at the burner exit varied from 0.01% to 0.31% whereas CO concentrations were more than 10000 ppm. At the same coal feed rate of 4 t/h, burner resistances are 480, 600, and 740 Pa for oil flow rates of 50, 100, and 150 kg/h, respectively.

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