Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion fuels: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)

doi:10.1007/s11708-019-0646-7

Front. Energy

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (4) : 636-657 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-019-0646-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion fuels: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)

Seyed Saeed HOSEINI, Mohammad Amin SOBATI(

)

School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 16765163, Iran

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Abstract

The nitrogen oxide (NO_x) release of diesel engines can be reduced using water in diesel emulsion fuel without any engine modification. In the present paper, different formulations of water in diesel emulsion fuels were prepared by ultrasonic irradiation. The water droplet size in the emulsion, polydisperisty index, and the stability of prepared fuel was examined, experimentally. Afterwards, the performance characteristics and exhaust emission of a single cylinder air-cooled diesel engine were investigated using different water in diesel emulsion fuels. The effect of water content (in the range of 5%–10% by volume), surfactant content (in the range of 0.5%–2% by volume), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (in the range of 5–8) was examined using Box-Behnken design (BBD) as a subset of response surface methodology (RSM). Considering multi-objective optimization, the best formulation for the emulsion fuel was found to be 5% water, 2% surfactant, and HLB of 6.8. A comparison was made between the best emulsion fuel and the neat diesel fuel for engine performance and emission characteristics. A considerable decrease in the nitrogen oxide emission (–18.24%) was observed for the best emulsion fuel compared to neat diesel fuel.

Keywords water in diesel emulsion fuel hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) response surface methodology (RSM) emulsion stability engine performance exhaust emission

Corresponding Author(s): Mohammad Amin SOBATI

Online First Date: 11 December 2019 Issue Date: 26 December 2019

Cite this article:

Seyed Saeed HOSEINI,Mohammad Amin SOBATI. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion fuels: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)[J]. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(4): 636-657.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-019-0646-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2019/V13/I4/636

Tab.1 A summary of the performance and emission characteristics of water in diesel emulsion fuels

Tab.2 Specifications of neat diesel fuel

Fig.1 Experimental set-up for ultrasound-assisted emulsification process for production of emulsion fuels.

Tab.3 Characteristics of applied diesel engine

Tab.4 Detailed properties of AVL DITEST GAS 1000 emission analyzer

Fig.2 Schematic of experimental set-up applied in engine test.

Tab.5 Experimental ranges and factor levels of variables applied in the experimental design

Tab.6 Experimental runs suggested by BBD

Tab.7 Stability analysis of emulsion fuel

Fig.3 Effect of emulsification time on stability of emulsion fuel for most repeated BBD experimental run.

Tab.8 Reported values of emulsion fuel stability in various studies

The response	Correlation
T	$Y T [N ? m] = 16.942 + 0.153 x 1 + 0.355 x 2 + 0.784 x 3 + 1.333 × 10 − 3 x 1 x 2 + 0.01 x 1 x 3 − 4.444 × 10 − 3 x 2 x 3 − 0.023 x 12 − 0.171 x 22 − 0.063 x 32$
P_b	$Y P b [kW] = 3.146 + 0.033 x 1 + 0.062 x 2 + 0.169 x 3 + 4 × 10 − 4 x 1 x 2 + 1.267 × 10 − 3 x 1 x 3 + 9.713 × 10 − 17 x 2 x 3 − 4.344 × 10 − 3 x 12 − 0.031 x 22 − 0.013 x 32$
BSFC	$Y B S P C [g / k W h] = 421.578 − 18.325 x 1 − 12.721 x 2 + 5.069 x 3 + 1.665 x 1 x 2 + 0.337 x 1 x 3 + 1.722 x 2 x 3 + 1.498 x 12 + 1.336 x 22 − 0.989 x 32$
BTE	$Y B T E [%] = 6.879 + 1.621 x 1 + 2.163 x 2 + 2.537 x 3 + 0.094 x 1 x 2 − 0.042 x 1 x 3 − 0.157 x 2 x 3 − 0.067 x 12 − 0.599 × 10 − 3 x 22 − 0.157 x 32$
CO	$Y C O [%] = − 0.447 − 0.058 x 1 + 0.565 x 2 + 0.327 x 3 + 0.010 x 1 x 2 + 6.666 × 10 − 3 x 1 x 3 − 0.022 x 2 x 3 + 6.320 × 10 − 3 x 12 − 0.143 x 22 − 0.026 x 32$
HC	$Y HC [ppm] = 275.544 − 20.380 x 1 − 21.722 x 2 − 22.238 x 3 + 2.266 x 1 x 2 − 0.466 x 1 x 3 − 0.444 x 2 x 3 + 1.952 x 12 + 7.911 x 22 + 1.977 x 32$
CO₂	$Y CO 2 [%] = 2.752 − 0.152 x 1 + 0.319 x 2 + 0.120 x 3 + 9.333 × 10 − 3 x 1 x 2 − 6.666 × 10 − 4 x 1 x 3 − 0.040 x 2 x 3 + 0.013 x 12 − 0.012 x 22 − 5.333 × 10 − 3 x 32$
NO_x	$Y NO x [ppm] = 36.066 + 14.730 x 1 − 2.055 x 2 + 19.322 x 3 + 0.266 x 1 x 2 − 0.066 x 1 x 3 − 0.666 x 2 x 3 − 1.272 x 12 − 5.244 x 22 − 1.422 x 32$

Tab.9 Final correlations for variables of response in terms of real factors

Run	Performance characteristics
	T/(Nm)		P_b/kW		BSFC/(g·(kWh)^–1)			BTE/%
	Exp.	Pre.	Exp.	Pre.	Exp.	Pre.		Exp.		Pre.
1	19.85	19.85	3.78	3.78	391.61	391.80 436.82		24.43		24.41
2	19.27	19.23	3.67	3.66	437.80	391.80 436.82		25.27		25.23
3	19.56	19.58	3.72	3.73	397.46	398.33		23.76		23.78
4	19.86	19.85	3.79	3.78	386.60	388.47		22.65		22.60
5	19.35	19.36	3.69	3.69	410.99	409.12		24.32		24.36
6	19.89	19.88	3.79	3.79	374.69	371.96		22.60		22.63
7	19.76	19.73	3.76	3.75	371.24	373.00		23.67		23.61
8	19.88	19.85	3.79	3.78	392.84	391.80		24.40		24.41
9	19.15	19.16	3.65	3.65	420.66	423.40		25.00		24.97
10	19.86	19.85	3.78	3.78	389.83	391.80		24.46		24.41
11	19.47	19.50	3.71	3.71	405.54	403.78		24.13		24.19
12	19.65	19.63	3.74	3.74	387.07	386.20		23.33		23.32
13	19.83	19.85	3.77	3.78	391.35	391.80		24.41		24.41
14	19.95	20.00	3.80	3.81	372.28	373.26		22.40		22.44
15	19.30	19.33	3.68	3.68	416.49	416.60		24.57		24.59
16	19.90	19.87	3.78	3.78	383.92	383.81		22.40		22.37
17	19.83	19.85	3.78	3.78	393.38	391.80		24.38		24.41
Run	Emission characteristics
	CO/%		HC/ppm		CO₂/%		NO_x/ppm
	Exp.	Pre.	Exp.	Pre.	Exp.	Pre.	Exp.		Pre.
1	0.98	0.99	152	151.60	3.04	3.04	134		134.40
2	1.10	1.08	203	203.37	3.35	3.36	108		106.25
3	0.81	0.81	169	168.25	3.07	3.05	122		124.13
4	0.77	0.79	150	151.37	3.02	3.03	129		127.50
5	1.16	1.14	178	176.63	3.19	3.18	117		118.50
6	0.79	0.78	148	147.37	2.95	2.96	137		136.38
7	0.89	0.88	150	151.00	2.99	2.99	137		135.88
8	1.02	0.99	151	151.60	3.04	3.04	135		134.40
9	1.09	1.11	192	192.63	3.29	3.28	110		110.63
10	0.99	0.99	153	151.60	3.08	3.04	133		134.40
11	0.85	0.86	172	171.00	3.15	3.15	118		119.13
12	0.83	0.83	151	151.75	2.89	2.91	136		133.88
13	0.96	0.99	150	151.60	3.01	3.04	134		134.40
14	0.75	0.77	142	141.62	2.93	2.92	140		141.75
15	1.13	1.16	187	187.38	3.25	3.26	114		113.63
16	0.85	0.83	146	145.62	2.98	2.97	132		132.38
17	0.98	0.99	152	151.60	3.05	3.04	136		134.40

Tab.10 BBDs with corresponding experimental and predicted responses for variables of response

Source	Performance characteristics models
	T/(N·m)		P_b/kW		BSFC/(g·(kWh)^–1)			BTE/%
	F-value	P-value	F-value	P-value	F-value		P-value	F-value	P-value
Model	80.85	<0.0001	67.61	<0.0001	100.86		<0.0001	474.75	<0.0001
x₁	529.63	<0.0001	434.89	<0.0001	632.59		<0.0001	3353.16	<0.0001
x₂	25.03	0.0016	23.00	0.0020	164.19		<0.0001	174.44	<0.0001
x₃	9.57	0.0175	9.22	0.0190	31.03		0.0008	2.58	0.1519
x₁x₂	0.017	0.9013	0.035	0.8572	6.96		0.0336	40.30	0.0004
x₁x₃	4.24	0.0786	1.40	0.2757	1.14		0.3208	32.78	0.0007
x₂x₃	0.066	0.8044	0.000	1.0000	2.68		0.1458	40.63	0.0004
x₁²	59.61	0.0001	48.06	0.0002	65.85		<0.0001	239.18	<0.0001
x₂²	25.82	0.0014	19.74	0.0030	0.42		0.5357	154.41	<0.0001
x₃²	57.59	0.0001	58.29	0.0001	3.72		0.0951	169.86	<0.0001
Lack of fit	6.50	0.0511	2.56	0.1929	5.47		0.0672	5.53	0.0659
R²	0.9905		0.9886		0.9923			0.9984
Adj. R2	0.9782		0.9740		0.9825			0.9863
Pred. R²	0.8710		0.8743		0.8992			0.9784
Adeq. precision	27.968		25.514		35.719			66.991
CV^a/%	0.2		0.21		0.6			0.23
SD_b	0.039		8.03		2.37			0.056
Source	Emission characteristics models
	CO/%		HC/ppm		CO₂/%			NO_x/ppm
	F-value	P-value	F-value	P-value	F-value	P-value		F-value	P-value
Model	39.81	<0.0001	312.31	<0.0001	44.72	<0.0001		47.69	<0.0001
x₁	283.91	<0.0001	1969.63	<0.0001	274.21	<0.0001		243.62	<0.0001
x₂	1.63	0.2425	346.68	<0.0001	66.29	<0.0001		86.39	<0.0001
x₃	0.000	1.0000	3.19	0.1174	0.48	0.5124		6.03	0.0438
x₁x₂	2.09	0.1919	37.60	0.0005	1.87	0.2142		0.25	0.6351
x₁x₃	3.26	0.1140	6.38	0.0395	0.038	0.8508		0.062	0.8112
x₂x₃	3.26	0.1140	0.52	0.4940	12.34	0.0098		0.55	0.4811
x₁²	8.56	0.0221	326.16	<0.0001	46.89	0.0002		65.48	<0.0001
x₂²	35.57	0.0006	43.39	0.0003	0.31	0.5925		9.02	0.0199
x₃²	20.09	0.0029	43.39	0.0003	0.92	0.3685		10.61	0.0139
Lack of fit	20.09	0.2089	2.12	0.2410	1.10	0.4469		5.96	0.0587
R²	0.9808		0.9975		0.9829			0.9840
Adj. R²	0.9562		0.9943		0.9609			0.9633
Pred. R²	0.7923		0.9741		0.8619			0.7856
Adeq. precision	18.006		58.083		22.964			22.959
CV^a/%	2.95		0.86		0.83			1.58
SD^b	0.028		1.39		0.026			2.02

Tab.11 ANOVA results and statistical parameters of developed quadratic correlations

Fig.4 Response surface plots of torque as a function.

Fig.5 Response surface plots of brake power as a function.

Fig.6 Response surface plots of BSFC as a function.

Fig.7 Response surface plots of BTE as a function.

Fig.8 Response surface plots of CO as a function.

Fig.9 Response surface plots of HC as a function.

Fig.10 Response surface plots of CO₂ as a function.

Fig.11 Response surface plots of NO_x as a function.

Tab.12 Validation and repeatability test for engine performance and exhaust emission achieved under optimal conditions

Tab.13 Comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission for the best emulsion fuel and neat diesel fuel at an engine speed of 1800 r/min and full load

Tab.14 Effect of engine load on engine performance and exhaust emission

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