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Ultrafast solid-liquid-vapor phase change of a thin gold film irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses and pulse trains
Jing HUANG, Yuwen ZHANG, J. K. CHEN, Mo YANG
Front Energ. 2012, 6 (1): 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-012-0179-9
Effects of different parameters on the melting, vaporization and resolidification processes of thin gold film irradiated by femtosecond pulses and pulse train were systematically studied. The classical two-temperature model was adopted to depict the non-equilibrium heat transfer in electrons and lattice. The melting and resolidification processes, which was characterized by the solid-liquid interfacial velocity, as well as elevated melting temperature and depressed solidification temperature, was obtained by considering the interfacial energy balance and nucleation dynamics. Vaporization process which leads to ablation was described by tracking the location of liquid-vapor interface with an iterative procedure based on energy balance and gas kinetics law. The parameters in discussion included film thickness, laser fluence, pulse duration, pulse number, repetition rate, pulse train number, etc. Their effects on the maximum lattice temperature, melting depth and ablation depth were discussed based on the simulation results.
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Numerical simulation and analysis of periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in a rolling pipe
Yan GU, Yonglin JU
Front Energ. 2012, 6 (1): 21-28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-012-0173-2
Floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants are gaining increasing attention in offshore energy exploitation. The effects of the periodically oscillatory motion on the fluid flow in all processes on the offshore plant are very complicated and require detailed thermodynamic and hydrodynamic analyses. In this paper, numerical simulations are conducted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code combined with user defined function (UDF) in order to understand the periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in the rolling pipe. The computational model of the circular pipe flow is established with the excitated rolling motion, at the excitated frequencies of 1–4 rad/s, and the excitated amplitudes of 3°–15°, respectively. The influences of flow velocities and excitated conditions on pressure characteristics, including mean pressure, frequency and amplitude are systematically investigated. It is found that the pressure fluctuation of the inviscid flow remains almost constant at different flow velocities. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation increases with the increasing of the excitated amplitude, and decreases with the increasing of the excitated frequency. It is also found that the period of the pressure fluctuation varies with the excitated frequency. Furthermore, theoretical analyses of the flow in the rolling circular pipe are conducted and the results are found in qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations.
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Spray characteristics and controlling mechanism of fuel containing CO2
Zhen HUANG, Jin XIAO, Xinqi QIAO, Gaozhi JIANG, Yiming SHAO, Seiichi SHIGA, Yasuhiro DAISHO
Front Energ. 2012, 6 (1): 80-88.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-012-0180-3
This paper presents studies of spray characteristics and controlling mechanism of fuel containing CO2. Using diesel fuel containing CO2 gas, experiments were conducted on diesel hole-type nozzles and simple nozzles. The steady spray and transient spray characteristics were observed and measured by instantaneous shadowgraphy, high-speed photography, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) and LDSA respectively. The effects of CO2 concentration in the fuel, the injection pressure, the nozzle L/D ratio, surrounding gas pressure and temperature on the atomization behavior and spray pattern were evaluated. The results show that the injection of fuel containing CO2 can greatly improve the atomization and produce a parabolic-shaped spray; and the CO2 gas concentration, surrounding gas pressure, temperature and nozzle configuration have dominant influences on spray characteristics of the fuel containing CO2. New insight into the controlling mechanism of atomization of the fuel containing CO2 was provided.
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Design and operational considerations for selective catalytic reduction technologies at coal-fired boilers
Jeremy J. SCHREIFELS, Shuxiao WANG, Jiming HAO
Front Energ. 2012, 6 (1): 98-105.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-012-0171-4
By the end of 2010, China had approximately 650 GW of coal-fired electric generating capacity producing almost 75% of the country’s total electricity generation. As a result of the heavy reliance on coal for electricity generation, emissions of air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), are increasing. To address these growing emissions, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) has introduced new NOx emission control policies to encourage the installation of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technologies on a large number of coal-fired electric power plants. There is, however, limited experience with SCR in China. It is therefore useful to explore the lessons from the use of SCR technologies in other countries. This paper provides an overview of SCR technology performance at coal-fired electric power plants demonstrating emission removal rates between 65% and 92%. It also reviews the design and operational challenges that, if not addressed, can reduce the reliability, performance, and cost-effectiveness of SCR technologies. These challenges include heterogeneous flue gas conditions, catalyst degradation, ammonia slip, sulfur trioxide (SO3) formation, and fouling and corrosion of plant equipment. As China and the rest of the world work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from parasitic load and urea-to-ammonia conversion may also become more important. If these challenges are properly addressed, SCR can reliably and effectively remove up to 90% of NOx emissions at coal-fired power plants.
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