Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Medicine

ISSN 2095-0217

ISSN 2095-0225(Online)

CN 11-5983/R

Postal Subscription Code 80-967

2018 Impact Factor: 1.847

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Med.    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (4) : 482-491    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-018-0633-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
G protein-coupled receptor LGR6 is an independent risk factor for colon adenocarcinoma
Wenjing Wang1, Shigang Ding1(), Hejun Zhang1, Jun Li1, Jun Zhan2(), Hongquan Zhang2()
1. Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
2. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
 Download: PDF(1146 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

LGR6 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family that plays a tumor-suppressive role in colon cancer. However, the relationship between LGR6 expression in patients and clinicopathological factors remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify whether the expression level of LGR6 is correlated with colon adenocarcinoma progression. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect LGR6 expression in colon adenoma tissues (n = 21), colon adenocarcinoma tissues (n = 156), and adjacent normal tissues (n = 124). The expression levels of LGR6 in colon adenoma and adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than those in normal colon epithelial tissues (P<0.001). Low LGR6 expression predicted a short overall survival in patients with colon adenocarcinoma (log-rank test, P = 0.016). Univariate and multivariate survival analyses showed that, in addition to N and M classification, LGR6 expression served as an independent prognostic factor. Thus, low expression of LGR6 can be used as an independent prognostic parameter in patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
Keywords LGR6      colon adenocarcinoma      immunohistochemistry      prognosis     
Corresponding Author(s): Shigang Ding,Jun Zhan,Hongquan Zhang   
Just Accepted Date: 28 April 2018   Online First Date: 02 July 2018    Issue Date: 02 August 2019
 Cite this article:   
Wenjing Wang,Shigang Ding,Hejun Zhang, et al. G protein-coupled receptor LGR6 is an independent risk factor for colon adenocarcinoma[J]. Front. Med., 2019, 13(4): 482-491.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-018-0633-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2019/V13/I4/482
Characteristic Value/number of patients Ratio
Age median (range), year 67 (24–91)
Gender
Male 85 54.50%
Female 71 45.50%
Age, year
<60 30 19.20%
60–91 126 80.80%
Tumor Nodes Metastases category
T1 4 2.60%
T2 9 5.80%
T3 113 72.40%
T4 30 19.20%
N0 85 54.50%
N1 54 34.60%
N2 17 10.90%
M0 149 95.50%
M1 7 4.50%
American Joint Committee on Cancer category
I 11 7.10%
II 73 46.80%
III 65 41.70%
IV 7 4.50%
Survival status
Alive 88 56.40%
Dead 68 43.60%
Tab.1  Clinicopathological factors of patients with colon adenocarcinoma (n = 156)
Fig.1  LGR6 is expressed in colon adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine LGR6 expression in colon adenocarcinomas. Representative photographs are shown, and corresponding regions are enlarged. Staining scores were categorized into four grades: (A) no staining (0); (B) weak staining (1+); (C) moderate staining (2+); (D) strong staining (3+).
Fig.2  Expression of LGR6 in normal, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma colon tissues. (A) Normal colon mucosa; (B) large tissue section enclosing adenoma and normal colon mucosa; (C) normal tissue extracted from Fig. 2B; (D) adenoma tissue extracted from Fig. 2B; (E) colon adenocarcinoma tissue; (F) LGR6 expression is higher in colon adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissues than in normal colon mucosa (t-test, P<0.001), whereas differences between adenoma and adenocarcinoma are insignificant (t-test, P>0.05).
Fig.3  Expression of LGR6 in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma. (A) LGR6 expression in Sabates–Bellver colon data set in Oncomine: rectal and colonic adenomas highly express LGR6; (B) LGR6 expression in Skrzypczak colorectal data set in Oncomine: LGR6 expression in colorectal adenoma is significantly higher than that in normal tissue; (C and D) relationships between KRAS and LGR6 expression in normal and tumor tissues, respectively, in the UCSC database (P = 0.1810; P = 0.2177). (E) LGR6 expression is significantly higher in KRAS mutant than in KRAS wild-type specimens in the Oncomine database (P = 0.0006). (F) LGR6 expression is lower in specimens with microsatellite than in those with microsatellite stability in Oncomine (P = 0.0220).
Characteristic Low-expression group High-expression group P
0 (0–1) (1–2) (2–3)
No. of patients Ratio No. of patients Ratio No. of patients Ratio No. of patients Ratio
Gender 0.271
Male 5 3.20% 31 19.90% 31 19.90% 18 11.50%
Female 7 4.50% 16 10.30% 30 19.20% 18 11.50%
Age, year 0.420
<60 2 1.30% 11 7.10% 8 5.10% 9 5.80%
60–91 10 6.40% 36 23.10% 53 34.00% 27 17.30%
Tumor Nodes Metastases category
T1 1 0.60% 3 1.90% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0.068a
T2 1 0.60% 1 0.60% 6 3.80% 1 0.60% 0.123b
T3 8 5.10% 32 20.50% 42 26.90% 31 19.90%
T4 2 1.30% 11 7.10% 13 8.30% 4 2.60%
N0 6 3.80% 28 17.90% 26 16.70% 25 16.00% 0.063
N1–N2 6 3.80% 19 12.20% 35 22.40% 11 7.10%
M0 11 7.10% 44 28.20% 58 37.20% 36 23.10% 0.367
M1 1 0.60% 3 1.90% 3 1.90% 0 0.00%
American Joint Committee on Cancer
I 1 0.60% 4 2.60% 5 3.20% 1 0.60% 0.285a
II 5 3.20% 23 14.70% 21 13.50% 24 15.40% 0.146b
III 5 3.20% 17 10.90% 32 20.50% 11 7.10%
IV 1 0.60% 3 1.90% 3 1.90% 0 0.00%
Survival status
Alive 4 2.60% 23 14.70% 36 23.10% 25 16.00% 0.036*
Dead 8 5.10% 24 15.40% 25 16.00% 11 7.10%
Tab.2  Association between LGR6 expression levels and clinical variables in colon adenocarcinoma
Characteristic Univariate survival analysis Multivariate survival analysis
P HR 95% CI P HR 95% CI
Gender
Male 0.653 0.896 0.554–1.499
Female
Age, year
<60 0.612 1.174 0.629–2.191
60–90
Tumor Nodes Metastases category
T1–T2 0.063 3.794 0.929–15.505
T3–T4
N0 0.002* 2.122 1.307–3.444 0.003* 2.109 1.283–3.467
N1–N2
M0 0.000* 5.437 2.305–12.825 0.002* 4.029 1.681–9.657
M1
American Joint Committee on Cancer
I–II 0.001* 2.229 1.370–3.626
III–IV
Relative level of LGR6
High expression 0.018* 1.780 1.103–2.872 0.008* 1.919 1.182–3.114
Low expression
Tab.3  Univariate and multivariate analysis of overall survival in 156 patients with colon adenocarcinoma
Fig.4  Elevated expression of LGR6 predicts long overall survival for patients with colon adenocarcinoma. Kaplan–Meier analysis of two groups of patients with colon adenocarcinoma with high or low LGR6 expression was determined by log-rank test (P<0.05), which shows that elevated expression of LGR6 correlates with better overall survival for patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
1 W Chen, R Zheng, H Zeng, S Zhang. The incidence and mortality of major cancers in China, 2012. Chin J Cancer 2016; 35(1): 73
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40880-016-0137-8 pmid: 27484217
2 H Brenner, M Kloor, CP Pox. Colorectal cancer. Lancet 2014; 383(9927): 1490–1502
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61649-9 pmid: 24225001
3 JR Jass. Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology 2007; 50(1): 113–130
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02549.x pmid: 17204026
4 SD Markowitz, MM Bertagnolli. Molecular origins of cancer: molecular basis of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(25): 2449–2460
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804588 pmid: 20018966
5 FA Sinicrope, DJ Sargent. Molecular pathways: microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic implications. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18(6): 1506–1512
https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1469 pmid: 22302899
6 F De Sousa E Melo, X Wang, M Jansen, E Fessler, A Trinh, LP de Rooij, JH de Jong, OJ de Boer, R van Leersum, MF Bijlsma, H Rodermond, M van der Heijden, CJ van Noesel, JB Tuynman, E Dekker, F Markowetz, JP Medema, L Vermeulen. Poor-prognosis colon cancer is defined by a molecularly distinct subtype and develops from serrated precursor lesions. Nat Med 2013; 19(5): 614–618
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3174 pmid: 23584090
7 FJ Carmona, D Azuara, A Berenguer-Llergo, AF Fernández, S Biondo, J de Oca, F Rodriguez-Moranta, R Salazar, A Villanueva, MF Fraga, J Guardiola, G Capellá, M Esteller, V Moreno. DNA methylation biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6(7): 656–665
https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0501 pmid: 23694962
8 N Vatandoost, J Ghanbari, M Mojaver, A Avan, M Ghayour-Mobarhan, R Nedaeinia, R Salehi. Early detection of colorectal cancer: from conventional methods to novel biomarkers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142(2): 341–351
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-015-1928-z pmid: 25687380
9 I Böhme, AG Beck-Sickinger. Illuminating the life of GPCRs. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7(1): 16
https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-7-16 pmid: 19602276
10 SY Hsu, M Kudo, T Chen, K Nakabayashi, A Bhalla, PJ van der Spek, M van Duin, AJ Hsueh. The three subfamilies of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptors (LGR): identification of LGR6 and LGR7 and the signaling mechanism for LGR7. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14(8): 1257–1271
https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.14.8.0510 pmid: 10935549
11 W de Lau, N Barker, TY Low, BK Koo, VS Li, H Teunissen, P Kujala, A Haegebarth, PJ Peters, M van de Wetering, DE Stange, JE van Es, D Guardavaccaro, RB Schasfoort, Y Mohri, K Nishimori, S Mohammed, AJ Heck, H Clevers. Lgr5 homologues associate with Wnt receptors and mediate R-spondin signalling. Nature 2011; 476(7360): 293–297
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10337 pmid: 21727895
12 M Leushacke, N Barker. Lgr5 and Lgr6 as markers to study adult stem cell roles in self-renewal and cancer. Oncogene 2012; 31(25): 3009–3022
https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.479 pmid: 22002312
13 JA Lehoczky, CJ Tabin. Lgr6 marks nail stem cells and is required for digit tip regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015; 112(43): 13249–13254
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518874112 pmid: 26460010
14 Y Gao, K Kitagawa, Y Hiramatsu, H Kikuchi, T Isobe, M Shimada, C Uchida, T Hattori, T Oda, K Nakayama, KI Nakayama, T Tanaka, H Konno, M Kitagawa. Up-regulation of GPR48 induced by down-regulation of p27Kip1 enhances carcinoma cell invasiveness and metastasis. Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11623–11631
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2629 pmid: 17178856
15 JS Steffen, E Simon, V Warneke, K Balschun, M Ebert, C Röcken. LGR4 and LGR6 are differentially expressed and of putative tumor biological significance in gastric carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2012; 461(4): 355–365
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-012-1292-1 pmid: 22855134
16 S Ryuge, Y Sato, SX Jiang, G Wang, M Kobayashi, R Nagashio, K Katono, A Iyoda, Y Satoh, N Masuda. The clinicopathological significance of Lgr5 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2013; 82(1): 143–148
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.06.010 pmid: 23915911
17 E Simon, D Petke, C Böger, HM Behrens, V Warneke, M Ebert, C Röcken. The spatial distribution of LGR5+ cells correlates with gastric cancer progression. PLoS One 2012; 7(4): e35486
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035486 pmid: 22530031
18 A Gregorieff, Y Liu, MR Inanlou, Y Khomchuk, JL Wrana. Yap-dependent reprogramming of Lgr5+ stem cells drives intestinal regeneration and cancer. Nature 2015; 526(7575): 715–718
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15382 pmid: 26503053
19 H Takahashi, H Ishii, N Nishida, I Takemasa, T Mizushima, M Ikeda, T Yokobori, K Mimori, H Yamamoto, M Sekimoto, Y Doki, M Mori. Significance of Lgr5+ve cancer stem cells in the colon and rectum. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18(4): 1166–1174
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-010-1373-9 pmid: 21125339
20 F Walker HH Zhang, A Odorizzi, AW Burgess. LGR5 is a negative regulator of tumourigenicity, antagonizes Wnt signalling and regulates cell adhesion in colorectal cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6(7): e22733
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022733 pmid: 21829496
21 F de Sousa E Melo, S Colak, J Buikhuisen, J Koster, K Cameron, JH de Jong, JB Tuynman, PR Prasetyanti, E Fessler, SP van den Bergh, H Rodermond, E Dekker, CM van der Loos, ST Pals, MJ van de Vijver, R Versteeg, DJ Richel, L Vermeulen, JP Medema. Methylation of cancer-stem-cell-associated Wnt target genes predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 9(5): 476–485
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2011.10.008 pmid: 22056143
22 A Guinot, F Oeztuerk-Winder, JJ Ventura. miR-17–92/p38a dysregulation enhances Wnt signaling and selects Lgr6+ cancer stem-like cells during lung adenocarcinoma progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76(13): 4012–4022
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3302 pmid: 27197183
23 L Blaas, F Pucci, HA Messal, AB Andersson, E Josue Ruiz, M Gerling, I Douagi, B Spencer-Dene, A Musch, R Mitter, L Bhaw, R Stone, D Bornhorst, AK Sesay, J Jonkers, G Stamp, I Malanchi, R Toftgård, A Behrens. Lgr6 labels a rare population of mammary gland progenitor cells that are able to originate luminal mammary tumours. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18(12): 1346–1356
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3434 pmid: 27798604
24 T Sjöblom, S Jones, LD Wood, DW Parsons, J Lin, TD Barber, D Mandelker, RJ Leary, J Ptak, N Silliman, S Szabo, P Buckhaults, C Farrell, P Meeh, SD Markowitz, J Willis, D Dawson, JK Willson, AF Gazdar, J Hartigan, L Wu, C Liu, G Parmigiani, BH Park, KE Bachman, N Papadopoulos, B Vogelstein, KW Kinzler, VE Velculescu. The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 2006; 314(5797): 268–274
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133427 pmid: 16959974
25 TA Chan, S Glockner, JM Yi, W Chen, L Van Neste, L Cope, JG Herman, V Velculescu, KE Schuebel, N Ahuja, SB Baylin. Convergence of mutation and epigenetic alterations identifies common genes in cancer that predict for poor prognosis. PLoS Med 2008; 5(5): e114
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050114 pmid: 18507500
26 X Gong, KS Carmon, Q Lin, A Thomas, J Yi, Q Liu. LGR6 is a high affinity receptor of R-spondins and potentially functions as a tumor suppressor. PLoS One 2012; 7(5): e37137
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037137 pmid: 22615920
27 X Wang, Q Sun. TP53 mutations, expression and interaction networks in human cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8(1): 624–643
https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13483 pmid: 27880943
28 J Zhan, M Niu, P Wang, X Zhu, S Li, J Song, H He, Y Wang, L Xue, W Fang, H Zhang. Elevated HOXB9 expression promotes differentiation and predicts a favourable outcome in colon adenocarcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 2014; 111(5): 883–893
https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.387 pmid: 25025961
29 H Clevers, R Nusse. Wnt/b-catenin signaling and disease. Cell 2012; 149(6): 1192–1205
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.012 pmid: 22682243
30 KS Carmon, X Gong, Q Lin, A Thomas, Q Liu. R-spondins function as ligands of the orphan receptors LGR4 and LGR5 to regulate Wnt/b-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108(28): 11452–11457
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106083108 pmid: 21693646
31 R Lappano, M Maggiolini. G protein-coupled receptors: novel targets for drug discovery in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10(1): 47–60
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3320 pmid: 21193867
[1] FMD-17118-OF-ZHQ_suppl_1 Download
[1] Huanping Wang, Haitao Meng, Jinghan Wang, Yinjun Lou, Yile Zhou, Peipei Lin, Fenglin Li, Lin Liu, Huan Xu, Min Yang, Jie Jin. Clinical characteristics and prognostic values of 1p32.3 deletion detected through fluorescence in situ hybridization in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a single-center study in China[J]. Front. Med., 2020, 14(3): 327-334.
[2] Yanfei Zhang, Xinchun Zhao, Yongchun Zhou, Min Wang, Guangbiao Zhou. Identification of an E3 ligase-encoding gene RFWD3 in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Front. Med., 2020, 14(3): 318-326.
[3] Yue Wang, Jinxia Zhang, Yunfan Wang, Shufang Wang, Yu Zhang, Qi Miao, Fei Gao, Huiying He. Expression status of GATA3 and mismatch repair proteins in upper tract urothelial carcinoma[J]. Front. Med., 2019, 13(6): 730-740.
[4] Weiqi Rong, Yang Zhang, Lei Yang, Lin Feng, Baojun Wei, Fan Wu, Liming Wang, Yanning Gao, Shujun Cheng, Jianxiong Wu, Ting Xiao. Post-surgical resection prognostic value of combined OPN, MMP7, and PSG9 plasma biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Front. Med., 2019, 13(2): 250-258.
[5] Yiwen Cao, Zhenhua Liu, Wen Wu, Ying Qian, Qin Shi, Rong Shen, Binshen Ouyang, Pengpeng Xu, Shu Cheng, Jin Ye, Yiming Lu, Chaofu Wang, Chengde Yang, Li Wang, Weili Zhao. Presence of multiple abnormal immunologic markers is an independent prognostic factor of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[J]. Front. Med., 2019, 13(1): 94-103.
[6] Jing Yue, Bo Zhang, Mingyue Wang, Junning Yao, Yifan Zhou, Ding Ma, Lei Jin. Effect of antitubercular treatment on the pregnancy outcomes and prognoses of patients with genital tuberculosis[J]. Front. Med., 2019, 13(1): 121-125.
[7] Bin Yang, Yan Yu, Jing Chen, Yan Zhang, Ye Yin, Nan Yu, Ge Chen, Shifei Zhu, Haiyan Huang, Yongqun Yuan, Jihui Ai, Xinyu Wang, Kezhen Li. Possibility of women treated with fertility-sparing surgery for non-epithelial ovarian tumors to safely and successfully become pregnant---a Chinese retrospective cohort study among 148 cases[J]. Front. Med., 2018, 12(5): 509-517.
[8] Sasa Nie, Zhe Feng, Lihua Xia, Jiuxu Bai, Fenglin Xiao, Jian Liu, Li Tang, Xiangmei Chen. Risk factors of prognosis after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Front. Med., 2017, 11(3): 393-402.
[9] Changlin Cao, Jingxian Gu, Jingyao Zhang. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (sTREM-1): a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of infectious diseases[J]. Front. Med., 2017, 11(2): 169-177.
[10] Lei Huang,Aman Xu. Detection of digestive malignancies and post-gastrectomy complications via gastrointestinal fluid examination[J]. Front. Med., 2017, 11(1): 20-31.
[11] Xinsen Xu,Yanyan Zhou,Runchen Miao,Wei Chen,Kai Qu,Qing Pang,Chang Liu. Transcriptional modules related to hepatocellular carcinoma survival: coexpression network analysis[J]. Front. Med., 2016, 10(2): 183-190.
[12] Zhi Xu,Chunxiang Cao,Haiyan Xia,Shujing Shi,Lingzhi Hong,Xiaowei Wei,Dongying Gu,Jianmin Bian,Zijun Liu,Wenbin Huang,Yixin Zhang,Song He,Nikki Pui-Yue Lee,Jinfei Chen. Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1δ is a novel tumor marker and target in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Front. Med., 2016, 10(1): 52-60.
[13] Aixiu Qiao,Feng Gu,Xiaojing Guo,Xinmin Zhang,Li Fu. Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts: their roles in tumor initiation, progression and clinical applications[J]. Front. Med., 2016, 10(1): 33-40.
[14] Jing Zhang,Shan Gao,Zhongping Duan,Ke-Qin Hu. Overview on acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Front. Med., 2016, 10(1): 1-17.
[15] Lunxiu Qin. Osteopontin is a promoter for hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis: a summary of 10 years of studies[J]. Front Med, 2014, 8(1): 24-32.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed