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Towards a next-generation production system for industrial robots: A CPS-based hybrid architecture for smart assembly shop floors with closed-loop dynamic cyber physical interactions
Qingmeng TAN, Yifei TONG, Shaofeng WU, Dongbo LI
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0563-9
Given the multiple varieties and small batches, the production of industrial robots faces the ongoing challenges of flexibility, self-organization, self-configuration, and other “smart” requirements. Recently, cyber physical systems have provided a promising solution for the requirements mentioned above. Despite recent progress, some critical issues have not been fully addressed at the shop floor level, including dynamic reorganization and reconfiguration, ubiquitous networking, and time constrained computing. Toward the next generation production system for industrial robots, this study proposed a hybrid architecture for smart assembly shop floors with closed-loop dynamic cyber physical interactions. Aiming for dynamic reorganization and reconfiguration, the study also proposed modularized smart assembly units for the deployment of physical assembly processes. Enabling technologies, such as multiagent system (MAS), self-organized wireless sensor actuator networks, and edge computing, were discussed and then integrated into the proposed architecture. Furthermore, a multijoint robot assembly process was selected as a target scenario. Thus, an MAS was developed to simulate the coordination and negotiation mechanisms for the proposed architecture on the basis of the Java Agent Development Framework platform.
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Isomorphism analysis on generalized modules oriented to the distributed parameterized intelligent product platform
Shasha ZENG, Weiping PENG, Tiaoyu LEI
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 12-23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0555-9
The distributed parameterized intelligent product platform (DPIPP) contains many agents of a product minimum approximate autonomous subsystem (generalized module). These distributed agents communicate, coordinate, and cooperate using their knowledge and skills and eventually accomplish the design for mass customization in a loosely coupled environment. In this study, a new method of isomorphism analysis on generalized modules oriented to DPIPP is proposed. First, on the basis of the bill of material partition and generalized module mining, the parameters of the main characteristics are extracted to construct the main characteristic parameter matrix. Second, similarity calculation of generalized modules is realized by improving the clustering using representatives algorithm, and isomorphism model sets are obtained. Generalized modules with a similar structure are combined to complete the isomorphism analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by taking high- and medium-pressure valve data as an example.
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Performance design of a cryogenic air separation unit for variable working conditions using the lumped parameter model
Jinghua XU, Tiantian WANG, Qianyong CHEN, Shuyou ZHANG, Jianrong TAN
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 24-42.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0558-6
Large-scale cryogenic air separation units (ASUs), which are widely used in global petrochemical and semiconductor industries, are being developed with high operating elasticity under variable working conditions. Different from discrete processes in traditional machinery manufacturing, the ASU process is continuous and involves the compression, adsorption, cooling, condensation, liquefaction, evaporation, and distillation of multiple streams. This feature indicates that thousands of technical parameters in adsorption, heat transfer, and distillation processes are correlated and merged into a large-scale complex system. A lumped parameter model (LPM) of ASU is proposed by lumping the main factors together and simplifying the secondary ones to achieve accurate and fast performance design. On the basis of material and energy conservation laws, the piecewise-lumped parameters are extracted under variable working conditions by using LPM. Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy interval detection is recursively utilized to determine whether the critical point is detected or not by using different thresholds. Compared with the traditional method, LPM is particularly suitable for “rough first then precise” modeling by expanding the feasible domain using fuzzy intervals. With LPM, the performance of the air compressor, molecular sieve adsorber, turbo expander, main plate-fin heat exchangers, and packing column of a 100000 Nm3 O2/h large-scale ASU is enhanced to adapt to variable working conditions. The designed value of net power consumption per unit of oxygen production (kW/(Nm3 O2)) is reduced by 6.45%.
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Vehicle roll stability control with active roll-resistant electro-hydraulic suspension
Lijun XIAO, Ming WANG, Bangji ZHANG, Zhihua ZHONG
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 43-54.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0547-9
This study examines roll stability control for vehicles with an active roll-resistant electro-hydraulic suspension (RREHS) subsystem under steering maneuvers. First, we derive a vehicle model with four degrees of freedom and incorporates yaw and roll motions. Second, an optimal linear quadratic regulator controller is obtained in consideration of dynamic vehicle performance. Third, an RREHS subsystem with an electric servo-valve actuator is proposed, and the corresponding dynamic equations are obtained. Fourth, field experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the vehicle model under sine-wave and double-lane-change steering maneuvers. Finally, the effectiveness of the active RREHS is determined by examining vehicle responses under sine-wave and double-lane-change maneuvers. The enhancement in vehicle roll stability through the RREHS subsystem is also verified.
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Structural parameter design method for a fast-steering mirror based on a closed-loop bandwidth
Guozhen CHEN, Pinkuan LIU, Han DING
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 55-65.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0545-y
When a fast-steering mirror (FSM) system is designed, satisfying the performance requirements before fabrication and assembly is vital. This study proposes a structural parameter design approach for an FSM system based on the quantitative analysis of the required closed-loop bandwidth. First, the open-loop transfer function of the FSM system is derived. In accordance with the transfer function, the notch filter and proportional-integral (PI) feedback controller are designed as a closed-loop controller. The gains of the PI controller are determined by maximizing the closed-loop bandwidth while ensuring the robustness of the system. Then, the two unknown variables of rotational radius and stiffness in the open-loop transfer function are optimized, considering the bandwidth as a constraint condition. Finally, the structural parameters of the stage are determined on the basis of the optimized results of rotational radius and stiffness. Simulations are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis. A prototype of the FSM system is fabricated, and corresponding experimental tests are conducted. Experimental results indicate that the bandwidth of the proposed FSM system is 117.6 Hz, which satisfies the minimum bandwidth requirement of 100 Hz.
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Modeling of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting with consideration of the friction around the cutting zone
Tianfeng ZHOU, Ying WANG, Benshuai RUAN, Zhiqiang LIANG, Xibin WANG
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 81-88.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0561-y
Friction modeling between the tool and the workpiece plays an important role in predicting the minimum cutting thickness during TC4 micro machining and finite element method (FEM) cutting simulation. In this study, a new three-region friction modeling is proposed to illustrate the material flow mechanism around the friction zone in micro cutting; estimate the stress distributions on the rake, edge, and clearance faces of the tool; and predict the stagnation point location and the minimum cutting thickness. The friction modeling is established by determining the distribution of normal and shear stress. Then, it is applied to calculate the stagnation point location on the edge face and predict the minimum cutting thickness. The stagnation point and the minimum cutting thickness are also observed and illustrated in the FEM simulation. Micro cutting experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the friction and the minimum cutting thickness modeling. Comparison results show that the proposed friction model illustrates the relationship between the normal and sheer stress on the tool surface, thereby validating the modeling method of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting.
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Novel method of constructing generalized Hoberman sphere mechanisms based on deployment axes
Xuemin SUN, Yan-An YAO, Ruiming LI
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 89-99.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0567-5
This study proposes a method of constructing type II generalized angulated elements (GAEs II) Hoberman sphere mechanisms on the basis of deployment axes that intersect at one point. First, the constraint conditions for inserting n GAEs II into n deployment axes to form a loop are given. The angle constraint conditions of the deployment axes are obtained through a series of linear equations. Second, the connection conditions of two GAEs II loops that share a common deployable center are discussed. Third, a flowchart of constructing the generalized Hoberman sphere mechanism on the basis of deployment axes is provided. Finally, four generalized Hoberman sphere mechanisms based on a fully enclosed regular hexahedron, arithmetic sequence axes, orthonormal arithmetic sequence axes, and spiral-like axes are constructed in accordance with the given arrangement of deployment axes that satisfy the constraint conditions to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
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Isogeometric topology optimization based on energy penalization for symmetric structure
Xianda XIE, Shuting WANG, Ming YE, Zhaohui XIA, Wei ZHAO, Ning JIANG, Manman XU
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 100-122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0568-4
We present an energy penalization method for isogeometric topology optimization using moving morphable components (ITO–MMC), propose an ITO–MMC with an additional bilateral or periodic symmetric constraint for symmetric structures, and then extend the proposed energy penalization method to an ITO–MMC with a symmetric constraint. The energy penalization method can solve the problems of numerical instability and convergence for the ITO–MMC and the ITO–MMC subjected to the structural symmetric constraint with asymmetric loads. Topology optimization problems of asymmetric, bilateral symmetric, and periodic symmetric structures are discussed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed energy penalization approach. Compared with the conventional ITO–MMC, the energy penalization method for the ITO–MMC can improve the convergence rate from 18.6% to 44.5% for the optimization of the asymmetric structure. For the ITO–MMC under a bilateral symmetric constraint, the proposed method can reduce the objective value by 5.6% and obtain a final optimized topology that has a clear boundary with decreased iterations. For the ITO–MMC under a periodic symmetric constraint, the proposed energy penalization method can dramatically reduce the number of iterations and obtain a speedup of more than 2.
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Contact fatigue life prediction of a bevel gear under spectrum loading
Pan JIA, Huaiju LIU, Caichao ZHU, Wei WU, Guocheng LU
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 123-132.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0556-8
Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) issues, such as pitting, might occur on bevel gears because load fluctuation induces considerable subsurface stress amplitudes. Such issues can dramatically affect the service life of associated machines. An accurate geometry model of a hypoid gear utilized in the main reducer of a heavy-duty vehicle is developed in this study with the commercial gear design software MASTA. Multiaxial stress–strain states are simulated with the finite element method, and the RCF life is predicted using the Brown–Miller–Morrow fatigue criterion. The patterns of fatigue life on the tooth surface are simulated under various loading levels, and the RCF S–N curve is numerically generated. Moreover, a typical torque–time history on the driven axle is described, followed by the construction of program load spectrum with the rain flow method and the Goodman mean stress equation. The effects of various fatigue damage accumulation rules on fatigue life are compared and discussed in detail. Predicted results reveal that the Miner linear rule provides the most optimistic result among the three selected rules, and the Manson bilinear rule produces the most conservative result.
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Computation and investigation of mode characteristics in nonlinear system with tuned/mistuned contact interface
Houxin SHE, Chaofeng LI, Qiansheng TANG, Hui MA, Bangchun WEN
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2020, 15 (1): 133-150.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0557-7
This study derived a novel computation algorithm for a mechanical system with multiple friction contact interfaces that is well-suited to the investigation of nonlinear mode characteristic of a coupling system. The procedure uses the incremental harmonic balance method to obtain the nonlinear parameters of the contact interface. Thereafter, the computed nonlinear parameters are applied to rebuild the matrices of the coupling system, which can be easily solved to calculate the nonlinear mode characteristics by standard iterative solvers. Lastly, the derived method is applied to a cycle symmetry system, which represents a shaft–disk–blade system subjected to dry friction. Moreover, this study analyzed the effects of the tuned and mistuned contact features on the nonlinear mode characteristics. Numerical results prove that the proposed method is particularly suitable for the study of nonlinear characteristics in such nonlinear systems.
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