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Integrated design of transport infrastructure and public spaces considering human behavior: A review of state-of-the-art methods and tools
Liu Yang, Koen H. van Dam, Arnab Majumdar, Bani Anvari, Washington Y. Ochieng, Lufeng Zhang
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 429-453.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.08.003
In order to achieve holistic urban plans incorporating transport infrastructure, public space and the behavior of people in these spaces, integration of urban design and computer modeling is a promising way to provide both qualitative and quantitative support to decisionmakers. This paper describes a systematic literature review following a four-part framework. Firstly, to understand the relationship of elements of transport, spaces, and humans, we review policy and urban design strategies for promoting positive interactions. Secondly, we present an overview of the integration methods and strategies used in urban design and policy discourses. Afterward, metrics and approaches for evaluating the effectiveness of integrated plan alternatives are reviewed. Finally, this paper gives a review of state-of-the-art tools with a focus on seven computer simulation paradigms. This article explores mechanisms underlying the complex system of transport, spaces, and humans from a multidisciplinary perspective to provide an integrated toolkit for designers, planners, modelers and decision-makers with the current methods and their challenges.
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Public park behaviour in Da Nang: An investigation into how open space is used
Duy Thinh Do, Yuning Cheng, Amir Shojai, Ye Chen
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 454-470.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.05.006
The provision of open space is seen as a feasible solution in mitigating the challenges of urbanization, which accommodates the daily leisure activities of residents and contributes to sustainable development. This study aims at understanding how users perceive open space in 29-3 Park in Da Nang, Vietnam. This understanding may help to adopt a better approach to development and improvements. More specifically, it focuses on identifying roles and attributes of the space and determining those elements which affect how users of the space gather, based on their perspective. Residents’ behaviour parameters were identified and classified based on activities that occurred in this space, and were collected using a behavioural mapping survey method. The analysis of 20 in-depth interviews, and 287 questionnaires, show existing problems that need to be improved and detail 11 physical factors that have potential to impact on users’ satisfaction. These results may have the potential to play an important role in assisting designers and administrators to create successful open space in urban areas of Vietnam or other developing countries in the future.
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Implementation issues of the planning support tool in Japan: Focusing on urban disaster mitigation
Kazuki Karashima, Akira Ohgai
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 483-497.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.07.002
This study determined the issues of Planning Support System (PSS) implementation in the field of urban disaster mitigation in Japan by understanding its analytical perspective through a review of Western literature, a questionnaire survey of urban planning consultant companies, and PSS implementation for a practical project in a municipality. Regarding the instrumental perspective, there was difficulty in conducting the simulationbased PSS due to the enormous simulation time required. Regarding the transfer perspective, the importance of the municipality’s decision of adopting the PSS to a project, securing the budget and continuous running costs, track record of the practical project, and lack of human resource for the PSS use were clarified. Regarding the user perspective, the difficulty in data collection and update as well as importance of the cooperative system/support from the developer in the initial period were clarified. Especially, considering the low number of implementations, a platform may be important for the promotion of PSS awareness. This may be also useful for the diffusion of PSS. It is necessary for the developers to fully communicate the benefits of PSS adoption. It is thought that a close cooperative system and support are required in the initial stage. For promoting and understanding the benefits of PSS adoption, a guideline or manual seems to be useful. This is effective for ensuring the budget and providing an explanation to high-level members of the organizations about the effect of utilizing these tools. For the final implementation, the possibility of installation, maintenance, and operation of the PSS by the municipality was discussed.
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The evolution of George Town’s urban morphology in the Straits of Malacca, late 18th century-early 21st century
Long Zhao, Wun Bin Wong, Zulkifli Bin Hanafi
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 513-534.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.09.001
George Town is a significant World Heritage Site in the Straits of Malacca. This paper examined the evolution of urban morphology in George Town within geography, politics, economy, and culture in a horizontal dimension and layer upon layer in a vertical dimension. In this study, to ensure the objectives are achieved, qualitative methods will be applied including several approaches such as literature review, interpretation of archives chronologically, maps study, census returns, trade directories, photographs and postcards, and urban master plan study. The research is based on the analysis of urban construction, land use, economic development, and municipal policies. First, study the urban morphology in a specific period, and construct the inner layer structure in each period. Second, an analogy is drawn among the evolution of the urban morphology by time-scale, this section focusses on the historical conjunctures and events related to the urban construction. An important contribution can be made to the conservation and management of urban built heritage in George Town, on the one hand, explaining the evolution of urban morphology by examining George Town’s physical and spatial environment, and in turn, on the other hand, understanding about the physical and spatial environment by examining the urban morphology.
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Short- and long-term effects of architecture on the brain: Toward theoretical formalization
Andréa de Paiva, Richard Jedon
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 564-571.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.07.004
The physical environment affects people’s behavior and wellbeing. Some effects can be easily noticed through observation, whereas others require an in-depth study to be understood and measured. Although many alterations can be positive, some can also negatively influence wellbeing, decision-making, and mental and physical health. Some of these effects are not easily associated with physical space. Thus, people may be unaware of the real triggers for changes in behavior, mood, and wellbeing. Although many studies have been performed on environmental psychology, detailed research to understand the impacts of architecture on the brain using neuroscience is limited. Some difficulties experienced by researchers in this field are on the isolation of each stimulus to understand its effects individually and measurement of brain changes in people interacting with the environment because some brain scans, such as fMRI, require people to be inside the machine. Nonetheless, the several ways a space can impact its users should be discussed to understand how architecture influences individuals and to help architects and urban planners in designing efficient and healthy spaces. This study aims to describe and analyze the results of previous research works and propose a way of organizing them to facilitate further investigation on this field.
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Impact of the Syrian crisis on the socio-spatial transformation of Eastern Amman, Jordan
Raed Salem Al-Tal, Hala Hesham Ahmad Ghanem
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 591-603.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.06.003
Amman, the capital of Jordan, has been subjected to incremental spatial transformation under the pressure of the emerging migration of various refugees since the beginning of the Syrian conflict (2011epresent). Only 17% of the Syrian refugee influx to Jordan resides in camps. Amman hosts 28% of non-camp refugees (NCRs) who are living in urban areas and creating multiple forms of urban settlements. Diverse forms of NCR settlements are emerging extensively in Eastern Amman districts. These settlements are contributing to new morphological structures and leading to a gradual spatial changedsocially and physically. This research intends to contribute to the increasing amount of available data by improving the understanding of the socio-spatial patterns of Syrian NCR settlements and providing insights, forecasts, and recommendations regarding this pressing issue on the basis of overall trends. Comprehensively contextualized areas in Amman were mapped, and after considering specific siteselection criteria, Jubilee Neighborhood was selected. Jubilee was built by the government in 1985 for low-income Jordanian families. This study aims to unravel one layer of the complex multilayered Amman City. It intends to explore and describe the urban forms of NCR settlements in Jubilee Neighborhood as a case study by interrelating spatial, social, and physical concepts. In addition, this study extensively uses rigorous qualitative and traditional methods. The outcome of this study is a comprehensive and descriptive spatial analysis that can provide socio-spatial interpretations and recommend urban response policies to cope with the future spatial transformation of urban forms.
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Opportunities for tidal range projects beyond energy generation: Using Mersey barrage as a case study
Sean Petley, Daneel Starr, Linda Parish, Zak Underwood, George A. Aggidis
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 620-633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.08.002
Currently there is renewed interest in harnessing the vast tidal resource to combat the twin challenges of climate change and energy security. However, within the UK no tidal barrage proposals have passed the development stage, this is due to a combination of high cost and environmental concerns. This paper demonstrates how a framework, such as the North West Hydro Resource Model can be applied to tidal barrages, with the Mersey barrage as a case study. The model materialised in order to provide developers with a tool to successfully identify the capacity of hydropower schemes in a specific location. A key feature of the resource model is the understanding that there is no single barrier to the utilisation of small hydropower but several obstacles, which together impede development. Thus, this paper contributes in part to a fully holistic treatment of tidal barrages, recognising that apart from energy generation, other environmental, societal and economic opportunities arise and must be fully investigated for robust decision-making. This study demonstrates how considering the societal needs of the people and the necessity for compensatory habitats, for example, an organic architectural design has developed, which aims to enhance rather than detract from the Mersey.
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An optimisation process to motivate effective adoption of BIM for refurbishment of complex buildings in New Zealand
Anthony Okakpu, Ali GhaffarianHoseini, John Tookey, Jarrod Haar, Amirhosein Ghaffarian Hoseini
Front. Archit. Res.. 2019, 8 (4): 646-661.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.06.008
Despite the multidisciplinary networks involved in refurbishment of complex building projects, the lack of BIM adoption signifies lack of real BIM benefits towards acceptance of BIM within Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC). To this end, this study empirically examines the potential real benefits between traditional network and BIM network for a real-time refurbishment case study project, through agentbased simulation modelling. A social network analysis theory is adapted to model the project interaction networks and a BIM prototype network. An assessment of the main stakeholders for BIM perception is carried out. We offered three prototype interaction networks for comparison of real BIM benefit. An agent-based Bayesian network model is used to simulate the propagation of design error within the project networks. The result of the analysis show that BIM project diffuses error efficiently, while stakeholders recovers faster and nearly at the same time than traditional network. The optimised network shows better performance to the traditional network, when there is early involvement of subcontractors. The main contribution of this study is providing a novel approach to compare real benefits for traditional method to BIM method for refurbishment project and to provide avenue for project stakeholders to optimise their interaction through adoption of BIM.
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15 articles
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