1. Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA 2. ECE Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA 3. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
Novel optical properties in graded photonic super-crystals can be further explored if new types of graded photonic super-crystals are fabricated. In this paper, we report holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-crystal with eight graded lattice clusters surrounding the central non-gradient lattices through pixel-by-pixel phase engineering in a spatial light modulator. The prospect of applications of octagon graded photonic super-crystal in topological photonics is discussed through photonic band gap engineering and coupled ring resonators.
D Chanda, L E Abolghasemi, M Haque, M L Ng, P R Herman. Multi-level diffractive optics for single laser exposure fabrication of telecom-band diamond-like 3-dimensional photonic crystals. Optics Express, 2008, 16(20): 15402–15414 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.015402
pmid: 18825176
2
K Ohlinger, H Zhang, Y Lin, D Xu, K P Chen. A tunable three layer phase mask for single laser exposure 3D photonic crystal generations: bandgap simulation and holographic fabrication. Optical Materials Express, 2011, 1(5): 1034–1039 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.1.001034
3
J Leach, K Wulff, G Sinclair, P Jordan, J Courtial, L Thomson, G Gibson, K Karunwi, J Cooper, Z J Laczik, M Padgett. Interactive approach to optical tweezers control. Applied Optics, 2006, 45(5): 897–903 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.000897
pmid: 16512531
4
J Xavier, R Dasgupta, S Ahlawat, J Joseph, P K Gupta. Three dimensional optical twisters-driven helically-stacked multi-layered microrotors. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 100(12): 121101 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3693413
5
G Zito, B Piccirillo, E Santamato, A Marino, V Tkachenko, G Abbate. Two-dimensional photonic quasicrystals by single beam computer-generated holography. Optics Express, 2008, 16(8): 5164–5170 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.005164
pmid: 18542617
6
N J Jenness, K D Wulff, M S Johannes, M J Padgett, D G Cole, R L Clark. Three-dimensional parallel holographic micropatterning using a spatial light modulator. Optics Express, 2008, 16(20): 15942–15948 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.015942
pmid: 18825231
7
V Arrizón, D S de-la-Llave, G Méndez, U Ruiz. Efficient generation of periodic and quasi-periodic non-diffractive optical fields with phase holograms. Optics Express, 2011, 19(11): 10553–10562 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010553
pmid: 21643309
8
J Xavier, P Rose, B Terhalle, J Joseph, C Denz. Three-dimensional optically induced reconfigurable photorefractive nonlinear photonic lattices. Optics Letters, 2009, 34(17): 2625–2627 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.34.002625
pmid: 19724512
J Xavier, S Vyas, P Senthilkumaran, C Denz, J Joseph. Sculptured 3D twister superlattices embedded with tunable vortex spirals. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(17): 3512–3514 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.36.003512
pmid: 21886261
11
S Behera, J Joseph. Single-step optical realization of bio-inspired dual-periodic motheye and gradient-index-array photonic structures. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(15): 3579–3582 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.003579
pmid: 27472623
12
J Lutkenhaus, D George, M Moazzezi, U Philipose, Y Lin. Digitally tunable holographic lithography using a spatial light modulator as a programmable phase mask. Optics Express, 2013, 21(22): 26227–26235 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.026227
pmid: 24216847
13
M Kumar, J Joseph. Optical generation of a spatially variant two-dimensional lattice structure by using a phase only spatial light modulator. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105(5): 051102 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4892447
J L Digaum, J J Pazos, J Chiles, J D’Archangel, G Padilla, A Tatulian, R C Rumpf, S Fathpour, G D Boreman, S M Kuebler. Tight control of light beams in photonic crystals with spatially-variant lattice orientation. Optics Express, 2014, 22(21): 25788–25804 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.025788
pmid: 25401613
16
J Lutkenhaus, D George, D Lowell, B Arigong, H Zhang, Y Lin. Registering functional defects into periodic holographic structures. Applied Optics, 2015, 54(23): 7007–7012 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.007007
pmid: 26368368
17
J Lutkenhaus, D Lowell, D George, H Zhang, Y Lin. Holographic fabrication of designed functional defect lines in photonic crystal lattice using a spatial light modulator. Micromachines, 2016, 7(4): 59 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi7040059
pmid: 30407432
18
D Lowell, J Lutkenhaus, D George, U Philipose, B Chen, Y Lin. Simultaneous direct holographic fabrication of photonic cavity and graded photonic lattice with dual periodicity, dual basis, and dual symmetry. Optics Express, 2017, 25(13): 14444–14452 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.014444
pmid: 28789030
19
D Lowell, S Hassan, O Sale, M Adewole, N Hurley, U Philipose, B Chen, Y Lin. Holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-quasi-crystals with multiple-level gradients. Applied Optics, 2018, 57(22): 6598–6604 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.006598
pmid: 30117901
20
D Lowell, S Hassan, M Adewole, U Philipose, B Chen, Y Lin. Holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-crystals using an integrated spatial light modulator and reflective optical element laser projection system. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(36): 9888 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.009888
21
S Hassan, O Sale, D Lowell, N Hurley, Y Lin. Holographic fabrication and optical property of graded photonic super-crystals with a rectangular unit super-cell. Photonics, 2018, 5(4): 34 https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040034
22
X Ge, M Minkov, S Fan, X Li, W Zhou. Low index contrast heterostructure photonic crystal cavities with high quality factors and vertical radiation coupling. Applied Physics Letters, 2018, 112(14): 141105 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5026433
23
S Hassan, D Lowell, Y Lin. High light extraction efficiency into glass substrate in organic light-emitting diodes by patterning the cathode in graded superlattice with dual periodicity and dual basis. Journal of Applied Physics, 2017, 121(23): 233104 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986233
24
S Hassan, K Alnasser, D Lowell, Y Lin. Effects of photonic band structure and unit super-cell size in graded photonic super-crystal on broadband light absorption in silicon. Photonics, 2019, 6(2): 50 https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics6020050
M A Bandres, S Wittek, G Harari , M Parto, J Ren, M Segev, D N Christodoulides, M Khajavikhan. Topological insulator laser: experiments. Science, 2018, 359: 4005
27
Y Ao, X Hu, C Li, Y You, Q Gong. Topological properties of coupled resonator array based on accurate band structure. Physical Review Materials, 2018, 2(10): 105201 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.105201
