Please wait a minute...
Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

ISSN 2095-2430

ISSN 2095-2449(Online)

CN 10-1023/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-968

2018 Impact Factor: 1.272

Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (5) : 1138-1149    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0542-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Behavior and strength of headed stud shear connectors in ultra-high performance concrete of composite bridges
Jianan QI(), Yuqing HU, Jingquan WANG, Wenchao LI
Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
 Download: PDF(5231 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the static behavior of headed stud shear connectors in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) of composite bridges. Four push-out specimens were tested. It was found that no cracking, crushing or splitting was observed on the concrete slab, indicating that UHPC slab exhibited good performance and could resist the high force transferred from the headed studs. The numerical and experimental results indicated that the shear capacity is supposed to be composed of two parts stud shank shear contribution and concrete wedge block shear contribution. The stiffness increment of a stud in UHPC was at least 60% higher than that in normal strength concrete. Even if the stud height was reduced from 6d to 2d, there was no reduction in the shear strength of a stud. Short stud shear connectors with an aspect ratio as small as 2 could develop full strength in UHPC slabs. An empirical load-slip equation taking into account stud diameter was proposed to predict the load-slip response of a stud. The reliability and accuracy of the proposed load-slip equation was verified by the experimental and numerical load-slip curves.

Keywords ultra-high performance concrete      studs      shear strength      FE analysis      push-out test     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianan QI   
Just Accepted Date: 07 May 2019   Online First Date: 06 June 2019    Issue Date: 11 September 2019
 Cite this article:   
Jianan QI,Yuqing HU,Jingquan WANG, et al. Behavior and strength of headed stud shear connectors in ultra-high performance concrete of composite bridges[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(5): 1138-1149.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-019-0542-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2019/V13/I5/1138
ingredients value (kg/m3)
cement 732
broken stone 5–8mm 397
sand 0–5mm 737
silica fume 85
high active admixture 299
steel fiber type I 80
steel fiber type II 80
water 165
superplasticizer 22.7
water-binder ratio (W/B) 0.16
Tab.1  Ingredients of UHPC
Fig.1  Dimensions of specimens (unit: mm)
Fig.2  View of test setup
Fig.3  Failure mode
Fig.4  Load-slip curves. (a) Specimens TC1 and TC2; (b) specimens TX1 and TX2; (c) specimens TC and TX
Fig.5  Test results and theoretical predictions of shear strength of studs
specimen TC1 TC2 TC TX1 TX2 TX
JSSC Load (kN) 68.8 67.1 67.9 70.8 70.8 70.8
Slip (mm) 0.046 0.049 0.048 0.081 0.066 0.074
k1 (kN/mm) 1494.6 1373.5 1422.6 874.5 1073.2 963.7
Johnson and May Load (kN) 103.1 100.6 101.9 106.3 106.3 106.3
Slip (mm) 0.108 0.112 0.110 0.171 0.139 0.155
k2 (kN/mm) 959.3 901.3 928.5 621.3 764.4 685.5
EC 4 Load (kN) 144.4 140.9 142.6 148.8 148.8 148.8
Slip (mm) 0.219 0.228 0.223 0.336 0.288 0.312
k3 (kN/mm) 660.5 616.5 638.4 442.2 515.8 476.2
Tab.2  Shear stiffness of test specimens
specimen reference load level(kN) in normal concrete(kN/mm) in UHPC(kN/mm) stiffness increment(%)
TC JSSC 1/3Qu 726.1 1422.6 96
Johnson and May 0.5Qu 371.2 928.5 150
Eurocode 4 0.7Qu 191.6 638.4 233
TX JSSC 1/3Qu 757.1 963.7 27
Johnson and May 0.5Qu 387.1 685.5 77
Eurocode 4 0.7Qu 199.8 476.2 138
Tab.3  Comparison of studs shear stiffness in normal strength concrete and UHPC
Fig.6  Test results and theoretical predictions of load-slip response. (a) Specimen TC; (b) specimen TX
Fig.7  Material constitutive model. (a) UHPC; (b) stud
Fig.8  FE model
Fig.9  Comparison of the FE analysis and test results. (a) Specimen TC; (b) specimen TX
Fig.10  Load-slip curves of FE analysis. (a) Effect of concrete strength; (b) effect of stud diameter; (c) effect of stud aspect ratio
specimen ID fc (MPa) h (mm) d (mm) h/d parameter
P-R 160 100 22 4.5 reference specimen
P-80 80 100 22 4.5 concrete strength
P-100 100 100 22 4.5 concrete strength
P-120 120 100 22 4.5 concrete strength
P-140 140 100 22 4.5 concrete strength
P-200 200 100 22 4.5 concrete strength
P-16 160 100 16 6.25 stud diameter
P-20 160 100 20 5 stud diameter
P-24 160 100 24 4.2 stud diameter
P-27 160 100 27 3.7 stud diameter
P-30 160 100 30 3.3 stud diameter
P-2 160 44 22 2 stud aspect ratio
P-3 160 66 22 3 stud aspect ratio
P-4 160 88 22 4 stud aspect ratio
P-5 160 110 22 5 stud aspect ratio
P-6 160 132 22 6 stud aspect ratio
Tab.4  Specimens of parametric study
Fig.11  Von Mises stresses of studs at ultimate state
Fig.12  Numerical results and theoretical predictions of load-slip response. (a) P-R; (b) P-80; (c) P-100; (d) P-120; (e) P-140; (f) P-200; (g) P-16; (h) P-20; (i) P-24; (j) P-27; (k) P-30; (l) P-2; (m) P-3; (n) P-4, (o) P-5; (p) P-6
1 J G Nie, C S Cai. Steel-concrete composite beams considering shear slip effects. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2003, 129(4): 495–506
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:4(495)
2 W Xue, M Ding, H Wang, Z Luo. Static behavior and theoretical model of stud shear connectors. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2008, 13(6): 623–634
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(623)
3 J Qi, J Wang, M Li, L Chen. Shear capacity of stud shear connectors with initial damage: Experiment, FEM model and theoretical formulation. Steel and Composite Structures, 2017, 25(1): 79–92
4 I M Viest. Investigation of stud shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beams. ACI Journal, 1956, 27(8): 875–892
5 D J Oehlers. Deterioration in strength of stud connectors in composite bridge beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1990, 116(12): 3417–3431
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:12(3417)
6 J Huo, H Wang, Z Zhu, Y Liu, Q Zhong. Experimental study on impact behavior of stud shear connectors between concrete slab and steel beam. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2018, 144(2): 04017203
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001945
7 C Xu, K Sugiura. Parametric push-out analysis on group studs shear connector under effect of bending-induced concrete cracks. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2013, 89: 86–97
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.06.011
8 J Qi, X Ding, Z Wang, Y Hu. Shear strength of fiber-reinforced high-strength steel ultra-high-performance concrete beams based on refined calculation of compression zone depth considering concrete tension. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2019 doi: 10.1177/1369433219829805
9 J Wang, J Qi, T Tong, Q Xu, H Xiu. Static behavior of large stud shear connectors in steel-UHPC composite structures. Engineering Structures, 2019, 178: 534–542
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.058
10 J S Kim, J Kwark, C Joh, S W Yoo, K C Lee. Headed stud shear connector for thin ultrahigh-performance concrete bridge deck. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2015, 108: 23–30
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.02.001
11 J Qi, J Wang, Z J Ma. Flexural response of high-strength steel-ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete beams based on a mesoscale constitutive model: Experiment and theory. Structural Concrete, 2018, 19(3): 719–734
https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700043
12 J Qi, Z J Ma, J Wang. Shear strength of UHPFRC beams: Mesoscale fiber-matrix discrete model. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2017, 143(4): 04016209
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001701
13 J Qi, Z Wu, Z J Ma, J Wang. Pullout behavior of straight and hooked-end steel fibers in UHPC matrix with various embedded angles. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 191: 764–774
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.067
14 J Qi, Z J Ma, J Wang, T Liu. Post-cracking shear strength and deformability of HSS-UHPFRC beams. Structural Concrete, 2016, 17(6): 1033–1046
https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201500191
15 T Rabczuk, T Belytschko. Cracking particles: a simplified mesh free method for arbitrary evolving cracks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2004, 61(13): 2316–2343
https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1151
16 T Rabczuk, S Bordas, G Zi. On three-dimensional modelling of crack growth using partition of unity methods. Computers & Structures, 2010, 88(23–24): 1391–1411
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2008.08.010
17 T Rabczuk, G Zi, S Bordas, H Nguyen-Xuan. A geometrically non-linear three-dimensional cohesive crack method for reinforced concrete structures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2008, 75(16): 4740–4758
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2008.06.019
18 S Rauscher, J Hegger. Modern composite structures made of high performance materials. In: The 2008 Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete Conference VI American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008, 691–702
19 J Y Kang, J S Park, W T Jung, M S Keum. Evaluation of the shear strength of perfobond rib connectors in ultra high performance concrete. Engineering, 2014, 6(13): 989–999
https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2014.613089
20 Y Luo, K Hoki, K Hayashi, M Nakashima. Behavior and strength of headed stud-SFRCC shear connection. I: Experimental study. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2016, 142(2): 04015112
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001363
21 J Cao, X Shao, L Deng, Y Gan. Static and fatigue behavior of short-headed studs embedded in a thin ultrahigh-performance concrete layer. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2017, 22(5): 04017005
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001031
22 J Wang, J Guo, L Jia, S Chen, Y Dong. Push-out tests of demountable headed stud shear connectors in steel-UHPC composite structures. Composite Structures, 2017, 170: 69–79
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.004
23 J Liu, F Han, G Cui, Q Zhang, J Lv, L Zhang, Z Yang. Combined effect of coarse aggregate and fiber on tensile behavior of ultra-high performance concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 121: 310–318
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.039
24 GB/T11263-2010. Hot rolled H and cut T section steel. Beijing, China, 2010
25 ECS (European Committee for Standardization). Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures, part 1-1: General rues and rules for buildings (EN 1994-1-1). Brussels, Belgium, 2005
26 AASHTO. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. Washington D.C., 2014
27 GB50017-2003.Code for design of steel structures. Beijing, China, 2003
28 L An, K Cederwall. Push-out tests on studs in high strength and normal strength concrete. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1996, 36(1): 15–29
https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(94)00036-H
29 J Hegger, G Sedlacek, P Döinghaus, H Trumpf, R Eligehausen. Studies on the ductility of shear connectors when using high-strength steel and high-strength concrete. International symposium on connections between steel and concrete, 2001, 1025–1045
30 P Doinghaus, C Goralski, N Will. Design rules for composite structures with high performance steel and high performance concrete. High Performance Materials in Bridges. Proceedings of the International Conference United Engineering Foundation, 2003, 139–149
31 Y Luo, K Hoki, K Hayashi, M Nakashima. Behavior and strength of headed stud-SFRCC shear connection. II: Strength evaluation. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2016, 142(2): 04015113
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001372
32 GB/T 10433-2002. Cheese head studs for arc stud welding. Beijing, China, 2002
33 R P Johnson, I M May. Partial-interaction design of composite beams. Structural Engineer, 1975, 8(53): 305–311
34 JSSC (Japan Society of Civil Engineers). Guidelines for performance-based design of steel-concrete hybrid structures. Tokyo, 2002
35 J G Ollgaard, R G Slutter, J W Fisher. Shear strength of stud connectors in lightweight and normal-weight concrete. Engineering Journal (New York), 1971, 8(2): 55–64
36 K E Buttry. Behavior of stud shear connectors in lightweight and normal-weight concrete. Thesis for the Master’s Degree, Univ ersity of Missouri, Rolla, 1965
37 N Vu-Bac, T Lahmer, X Zhuang, T Nguyen-Thoi, T Rabczuk. A software framework for probabilistic sensitivity analysis for computationally expensive models. Advances in Engineering Software, 2016, 100: 19–31
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.06.005
38 K M Hamdia, H Ghasemi, X Zhuang, N Alajlan, T Rabczuk. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for flexoelectric nanostructures. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 337: 95–109
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.03.016
39 K M Hamdia, M Silani, X Zhuang, P He, T Rabczuk. Stochastic analysis of the fracture toughness of polymeric nanoparticle composites using polynomial chaos expansions. International Journal of Fracture, 2017, 206(2): 215–227
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-017-0210-6
40 ECS (European Committee for Standardization). Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures-Part 1–1: General rules and rules for buildings (EN 1992-1-1). Brussels, Belgium, 2004
41 C Xu, K Sugiura, C Wu, Q Su. Parametrical static analysis on group studs with typical push-out tests. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2012, 72: 84–96
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.10.029
[1] Luisa PANI, Flavio STOCHINO. Punching of reinforced concrete slab without shear reinforcement: Standard models and new proposal[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(5): 1196-1214.
[2] Walid Khalid MBARAK, Esma Nur CINICIOGLU, Ozer CINICIOGLU. SPT based determination of undrained shear strength: Regression models and machine learning[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 185-198.
[3] Serdar KOLTUK, Jie SONG, Recep IYISAN, Rafig AZZAM. Seepage failure by heave in sheeted excavation pits constructed in stratified cohesionless soils[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(6): 1415-1431.
[4] Sheng PENG, Chengxiang XU, Xiaoqiang LIU. Truss-arch model for shear strength of seismic-damaged SRC frame columns strengthened with CFRP sheets[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(6): 1324-1337.
[5] Abeer A. AL-MUSAWI. Determination of shear strength of steel fiber RC beams: application of data-intelligence models[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(3): 667-673.
[6] Hui ZHENG, Zhi FANG, Bin CHEN. Experimental study on shear behavior of prestressed reactive powder concrete I-girders[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(3): 618-627.
[7] Wan WANG, Jianzhuang XIAO, Shiying XU, Chunhui WANG. Experimental study on behavior of mortar-aggregate interface after elevated temperatures[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2017, 11(2): 158-168.
[8] Antonio MARÍ,Antoni CLADERA,Jesús BAIRÁN,Eva OLLER,Carlos RIBAS. Shear-flexural strength mechanical model for the design and assessment of reinforced concrete beams subjected to point or distributed loads[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2014, 8(4): 337-353.
[9] Dong XU,Yu ZHAO,Chao LIU. Experimental study on shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with web horizontal reinforcement[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2014, 8(4): 325-336.
[10] XU Yongfu, TONG Lixin. Application of fractal theory to unsaturated soil mechanics[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2007, 1(4): 411-421.
[11] ZHAN Liangtong. Soil-water interaction in unsaturated expansive soil slopes[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2007, 1(2): 198-204.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed