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Necessity of integrated methodology for hazard mitigation of quake lakes: case study of the Wenchuan Earthquake, China
Xudong FU, Fan LIU, Guangqian WANG, Wenjie XU, Jianxin ZHANG
Front Arch Civil Eng Chin. 2011, 5 (1): 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-011-0099-5
The massive 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan Earthquake triggered huge landslides, avalanches, and debris flows that blocked rivers and created 34 important quake lakes, including the Tangjiashan Quake Lake on the Tongkou River. More than half of these lakes were identified to be of moderate or high hazard levels, so activities needed to be undertaken for hazard mitigation of potential flooding. This paper presents the mitigation processes of quake lake hazards, which involve various techniques such as rapid hazard analysis, scenario-based mitigation planning, and real-time forecasting of outburst flooding for implementation actions. The shortage of hydrologic and geological data and the nature of emergency situations raise substantial challenges in the hazard mitigation of quake lakes. This paper suggests a potential approach in dealing with quake lake hazards, which integrates the automatic monitoring network, hydrologic models, and hydrodynamic models with a comprehensive indicator for hazard levels. The necessity of improving the integrated methodology is highlighted.
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Continuous modeling of soil morphology —thermomechanical behavior of embankment dams
Bettina ALBERS, Krzysztof WILMANSKI
Front Arch Civil Eng Chin. 2011, 5 (1): 11-23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-010-0081-7
Macroscopic modeling of soils is based on a number of properties that refer to the mesoscopic morphology. The most fundamental parameters of this art are: 1) coupling parameters between partial stresses of components and deformations of components, 2) porosities, 3) saturation, and 4) permeability and diffusivity, tortuosity. The main aim of this paper is to present in juxtaposition continuous one-, two-, and three-component models of geomaterials appearing in construction of embankment dams. In particular, the above mentioned features, especially saturation with water and seepage problems, modeling of fluidization yielding piping, and generalizations of the Darcy law and changes of porosity, are presented.
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Seepage analysis of Upper Gotvand Dam concerning gypsum karstification (2D and 3D approaches)
Jamshid SADREKARIMI, Majid KIYANI, Behnam FAKHRI, Mohammad Javad VAHDATIRAD, Amin BARARI
Front Arch Civil Eng Chin. 2011, 5 (1): 71-78.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-010-0083-5
Upper Gotvand Dam is constructed on the Karun River at the south west of Iran. In this paper, 2D and 3D models of the dam together with the foundation and abutments were established, and several seepage analyses were carried out. Then, the gypsum veins that are scattered throughout the foundation ground were included in the models, and the seepage pattern, considering the dissolution law of gypsum, was analyzed. It was disclosed that the discharge fluxes obtained from 2D and 3D analyses are not similar, and the discharge flux in 3D model is about four times that of the 2D model. Also, the 3D model locates the phreatic surface somewhat higher than the 2D model. This means that the 2D model estimates lower pore water pressure pattern in comparison with the 3D model. These may be attributed to the fact that with 2D model the lateral components of vectors of seepage velocity are ignored. In the current case, the rate of increase of discharge flux due to dissolution of gypsum veins was obtained to be a third-order function of the aperture width. In spite of the fact that the grout curtain is designed to be about 170 m deep, however, complete dissolve of gypsum will severely increase the discharge flux through the foundation ground.
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