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Perspectives on mechanisms underlying remote ischemic conditioning against ischemic stroke
Changqing Xia, Xunming Ji
Journal of Translational Neuroscience. 2019, 4 (1): 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.3868/j. issn. 2096-0689. 2019. 01. 001
Ischemic stroke is a major neurological disease with limited effective therapeutic options except for thrombolysis and thrombectomy. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is an approach that promises an alternative to the current treatment portfolio. As an easy-handled, non-invasive regimen, it takes advantage of transient ischemia (currently often made through inflation and deflation of limb blood pressure cuff) to enhance the tolerance of vital organs to ischemia. RIC can be executed before, during and after the onset of stroke. The mechanisms of action of RIC employed at different stroke stages are similar and may involve humoral, neurological and inflammatory pathways. As new mechanisms underlying RIC-induced neuroprotection continue to be revealed, we review in this article some of the latest development in this field, including: ① RIC and RIC-induced fundamental change, hypoxia, as well as the role of hypoxia inducible factors against stroke; ② Potential role of RIC-induced extracellular vesicles in neuroprotection; ③ RIC-induced metabolic changes in tissue protection; ④ Potential effect of RIC on red blood cells (RBC) oxygen delivery; and ⑤ RIC and its anti-inflammatory potential.
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Application of artificial intelligence in medicine: analysis of Chinese legal and regulatory landscapes
Mao You, Haixing Wang, Xueqing Tian, Hong Liang
Journal of Translational Neuroscience. 2019, 4 (1): 30-37.
https://doi.org/10.3868/j. issn. 2096-0689. 2019. 01. 003
Medical artificial intelligence (AI) in China is now on the eve of a massive surge. Despite great promise from this emerging field, there remain formidable pitfalls and obstacles, especially the challenges to current legal rules. We review the development of legal rules concerning medical AI in China, discuss risks of liability of commercial organizations and health care providers and whether current rules should be amended, and if so, what are the key issues to be addressed. Finally, we close by sketching possible ways forward for the legal and regulatory system.
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New advances in multiple system atrophy
Lingyu Zhang, Bei Cao, Huifang Shang
Journal of Translational Neuroscience. 2019, 4 (1): 38-49.
https://doi.org/10.3868/j. issn. 2096-0689. 2019. 01. 004
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variable combination of autonomic failure, parkinsonism with poor response to levodopa, cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal symptoms. The pathological hallmark of MSA is the oligodendrocytic glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) consisting of α-synuclein, and so MSA, together with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), is an α-synucleinopathy. Currently few effective biomarkers have been identified for the diagnosis or prognosis of MSA, and there is no established therapy to delay its progression. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, neuropathology, genetics, clinical presentation and diagnostic biomarkers of MSA, as well as recent advances in its treatment.
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