大约有1/3的卒中患者伴有糖尿病或非糖尿病性高血糖症。高血糖症会显著增加脑损伤, 导致病死率升高, 并由脑缺血再灌注损伤后导致患者长期残疾。然而, 这个重要的临床相关现象的机制尚不完全清楚。本文概述了脑缺血后葡萄糖的作用、高血糖症对自由基产生的影响、线粒体超微结构和功能的变化、星形胶质细胞的激活以及MAPK的磷酸化。

Almost one third of stroke patients are accompanied with diabetic or nondiabetic hyperglycemia during admission.Hyperglycemia significantly increases brain damage,mortality rate,and long-term disability after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.The mechanisms underlying this important and clinically relevant phenomenon are not fully understood.This paper reviewed the roles of glucose in ischemic brain,influences of hyperglycemia on production of free radicals,changes of mitochondrial ultrastructure and functions,activation of astrocytes,and phosphorylation of MAPK.

精神疾病是一类影响人脑高级功能活动的疾病。异常的感觉、领悟、思维及行为使患者与环境和社会格格不入, 严重影响其生活和工作。为了彻底治疗精神疾病, 仅靠精神病学家的努力是不够的, 也需要非临床科学家的实验研究, 并把实验室研究成果转化为临床应用。本文简要评述了近年来精神疾病研究的新进展, 并展望它们在未来的可能应用, 重点介绍了支持精神分裂症的少突胶质细胞异常学说的临床和实验证据, 提出异常的少突胶质细胞应该是治疗精神分裂症的靶标。

Mental illness adversely affects the advanced functions of the human brain.The anomalies in feelings,perceptions,thinking,and actions of subjects not only distort the patterns of their behaviors,but also distress family members and relatives of patients.Overcoming mental disorders is difficult for psychiatrists alone;it also requires experimental research by neuroscientists and the translation of experimental results into clinical practice.This article will briefly comment on the recent advances in psychiatric research and look ahead their translation to clinical practice.The focus of it will be on the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the new hypothesis that schizophrenia involves oligodendrocyte deficits.It will conclude with a view that altered oligodendrocytes should be one of the targets in the treatment of schizophrenia.

高强度聚焦超声（high intensity focused ultrasound, HIFU）是一种能精确聚焦、非接触性消融的能源。HIFU在心房颤动（房颤）治疗中的应用包括外科心外膜消融和导管心内膜消融两方面。微创外科HIFU消融治疗房颤的初步经验令人鼓舞, 但进一步研究表明其有效性尚不满意。HIFU球囊隔离肺静脉一度引起了很大关注, 其操作快速、简便, 近、远期效果与普通射频相当。但由于安全性方面的问题, 尤其是膈神经麻痹、心房食管瘘等合并症难以克服, 甚至致死, 目前这方面研究已陷于停滞。虽然HIFU在房颤治疗方面仍具前景, 但尚有待于技术和器械的进一步改进。

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an accurately focused,noncontact ablation energy source.Application of HIFU in atrial fibrillation (AF) therapy includes surgical epicardial ablation and transcatheter endocardial ablation.The initial experience of HIFU ablation in minimal invasive surgery of AF was encouraging,but further investigation suggested its effectiveness is limited.HIFU balloon for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) once attracted extensive interest in this field.It is a convenient and rapid way for PVI,and both short and long term results were comparable to radiofrequency ablation.However,severe safety concerns such as phrenic nerve palsy and lethal atrial-esophageal halted clinical application of HIFU balloon.Although it is a promising method,long way of technique and device improvement is needed for application of HIFU ablation in AF therapy.