Genetic bases of improved soybean cultivars released from 1923 to 2005 in China—A historical review
Genetic bases of improved soybean cultivars released from 1923 to 2005 in China—A historical review
Dongjin XIONG1,2, Tuanjie ZHAO1, Junyi GAI1()
1. School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; 2. Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University; National Center for Soybean Improvement; National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing 210095, China
Improved soybean cultivars are cultivars released from a scientific breeding program in China in contrast to the historical landraces kept by farmers from their own seed lots. The pedigree data of 1300 soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] released in China from 1923 to 2005 were collected, checked, and corrected. These cultivars traced back to 670 nuclear and 344 cytoplasmic ancestors; 45% (50%) of the nuclear (cytoplasmic) germplasms were from Eco-region I, 23% (26%) from II, 7% (10%) from III, 4% (5%) from IV, 1% (1%) from V, 1% (1%) from VI, 18% (7%) from foreign countries, and 0% (1%) from geographically unknown sources. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic germplasm from Eco-regions I, II, and III, and foreign countries accounted for most of the ancestry of the released cultivars. In each of the eco-regions, with the exception of region VI, but especially in region I, the local nuclear and cytoplasmic germplasm was dominant in the released cultivars. Exotic germplasm accounted for an increasing portion of the nuclear and cytoplasmic germplasm, especially in Eco-regions I and II. The genetic base of the released cultivars is relatively narrow but has been gradually broadened, especially in Eco-regions I and II; and the average number of ancestors per cultivar released between 1996 and 2005 in various eco-regions was approximately double the period between 1986 and 1995. Seventy-eight ancestors accounted for 12% of the total ancestors but explained that 64% of the nuclear contribution and 70% of the cytoplasmic contribution to the 1300 released cultivars. For broadening the genetic base of future cultivars, the utilization of germplasm from outside regions is emphasized.
Corresponding Author(s):
GAI Junyi,Email:sri@njau.edu.cn
引用本文:
. Genetic bases of improved soybean cultivars released from 1923 to 2005 in China—A historical review[J]. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 0, (): 383-393.
Dongjin XIONG, Tuanjie ZHAO, Junyi GAI. Genetic bases of improved soybean cultivars released from 1923 to 2005 in China—A historical review. Front Agric Chin, 0, (): 383-393.
source of ancestors and their genetic contribution to released cultivars
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
F
U
1923-2005 (83 years)
I
682
537.15 (614)
14.68 (10)
0.16 (0)
1.02 (0)
1.00 (1)
0.00 (0)
123.68 (48)
4.39 (9)
II
395
44.89 (31)
257.82 (317)
14.26 (17)
0.02 (0)
0.50 (2)
0.00 (0)
76.01 (26)
1.50 (2)
III
64
1.53 (0)
11.41 (5)
36.19 (51)
1.00 (0)
0.00 (0)
2.75 (2)
11.12 (6)
0.00 (0)
IV
120
5.34 (2)
14.00 (8)
37.75 (49)
45.75 (50)
0.00 (0)
0.50 (1)
16.66 (10)
0.00 (0)
V
16
1.25 (0)
1.25 (0)
2.50 (4)
0.25 (0)
9.75 (12)
0.00 (0)
1.00 (0)
0.00 (0)
VI
23
0.50 (0)
2.88 (2)
4.38 (4)
9.13 (10)
0.00 (0)
3.88 (6)
2.25 (1)
0.00 (0)
sum.
1300
590.66 (647)
302.04 (342)
95.23 (125)
57.16 (60)
11.25 (15)
7.13 (9)
230.71 (91)
5.89 (11)
1996-2005 (10 years)
I
316
223.15 (267)
10.09 (5)
0.16 (0)
0.52 (0)
1.00 (1)
0.00 (0)
77.77 (36)
3.39 (7)
II
172
15.86 (14)
103.10 (126)
6.82 (10)
0.02 (0)
0.50 (2)
0.00 (0)
45.70 (20)
0.00 (0)
III
25
1.53 (0)
3.85 (1)
9.19 (16)
1.00 (0)
0.00 (0)
2.75 (2)
6.68 (6)
0.00 (0)
IV
63
2.97 (0)
7.09 (3)
21.44 (28)
19.31 (23)
0.00 (0)
0.50 (1)
11.69 (8)
0.00 (0)
V
6
0.25 (0)
0.50 (0)
1.25 (2)
0.25 (0)
2.75 (4)
0.00 (0)
1.00 (0)
0.00 (0)
VI
10
0.00 (0)
1.13 (1)
2.38 (2)
2.88 (3)
0.00 (0)
2.88 (4)
0.75 (0)
0.00 (0)
sum.
592
243.76 (281)
125.75 (136)
41.23 (58)
23.98 (26)
4.25 (7)
6.13 (7)
143.59 (70)
3.39 (7)
Tab.1
type of ancestor
total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
U
F
improved cultivar
47
47
landrace
346
110
98
38
45
9
7
39
breeding line
257
143
72
13
9
3
4
13
wild accession
17
14
2
1
uncertain type
3
1
3
total
670
267
172
51
55
12
11
3
99
Tab.2
no. of ancestors
1
2
3
4
5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31
32
34
35
total
no. of released cultivars
177
172
99
98
94
310
201
106
19
16
1
5
1
1
1300
%
13.61
13.23
7.62
7.54
7.23
23.85
15.46
8.15
1.46
1.23
0.08
0.38
0.08
0.08
100.00
Tab.3
period
country
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
1923-1955
1.20 (0.72)
1.25 (0.65)
1.00 (1.00)
1.00 (1.00)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
1956-1965
1.82 (0.72)
2.00 (0.67)
1.36 (1.18)
1.00 (0.67)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
1.00 (1.00)
1966-1975
2.49 (0.74)
2.91 (0.63)
2.17 (0.98)
1.50 (1.50)
1.40 (1.40)
1.00 (1.00)
1.00 (1.00)
1976-1985
3.78 (0.97)
3.92 (0.89)
4.07 (1.28)
3.13 (1.63)
2.00 (1.70)
0.00 (0.00)
1.00 (1.00)
1986-1995
6.32 (0.85)
6.96 (0.94)
7.39 (1.14)
4.00 (1.82)
3.95 (1.43)
1.89 (1.89)
2.63 (2.38)
1996-2005
10.88 (0.85)
12.29 (0.89)
11.42 (1.17)
6.16 (2.56)
5.90 (1.86)
5.00 (3.50)
3.60 (2.30)
1923-2005
7.44 (0.52)
8.19 (0.53)
7.90 (0.67)
4.34 (1.27)
4.77 (1.18)
3.00 (1.88)
2.70 (1.52)
Tab.4
no. derived cultivars
ancestor
contribution
no.
%
value
%
1
356 (238)
53.13 (69.18)
192.82 (238)
14.83 (18.31)
2-5
166 (69)
24.79 (20.06)
151.37 (185)
11.64 (14.23)
6-10
44 (11)
6.57 (3.2)
58.9 (78)
4.53 (6.00)
11-20
28 (12)
4.18 (3.49)
68.71 (176)
5.29 (13.53)
21-30
12 (8)
1.79 (2.33)
43.92 (203)
3.38 (15.62)
31-40
16 (1)
2.39 (0.29)
74.97 (38)
5.77 (2.92)
41-60
12 (3)
1.79 (0.87)
72.51 (163)
5.58 (12.55)
61-100
8 (1)
1.19 (0.29)
47.22 (83)
3.63 (6.38)
101-140
8 (1)
1.19 (0.29)
80.48 (136)
6.19 (10.46)
141-180
7
1.04
117.8
9.06
181-320
10
1.49
221.91
17.07
357
1
0.15
45.76
3.52
497
1
0.15
57.98
4.46
577
1
0.15
65.65
5.05
total
670 (344)
100 (100)
1,300 (1300)
100 (100)
Tab.5
period
eco-region
country
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
1923-1975 (53 years)
mean
1.80
2.24
1.20
1.00
0.71
1.00
1.00
min.
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
max.
24.50
23.50
7.50
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1976-1995 (20 years)
Mean
1.46
1.38
1.15
0.75
0.71
0.53
0.48
min.
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.03
max.
21.69
19.26
16.8
5.13
4.63
1.00
1.00
1996-2005 (10 years)
mean
1.18
1.12
0.86
0.39
0.54
0.29
0.43
min.
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.03
max.
25.68
25.18
11.89
2.06
7.94
1.00
1.75
1923-2005 (83 years)
mean
1.94
1.89
1.51
0.79
0.85
0.53
0.66
min.
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.13
0.03
max.
65.65
60.39
29.69
7.81
12.56
2.00
1.88
Tab.6
name of ancestor
area of major ancestor used
no. DC
NC/%
CC/%
I
Jinyuan
C,I (C,I)
577
5.05
1.46
Silihuang (A210)
C,I (C,I)
497
4.46
10.46
Baimei
C,I (C,I)
357
3.52
6.38
Duludou
C,I (C,I)
313
2.84
3.62
Tiejiasilihuang
C,I (C,I)
281
2.28
0.08
Keshansilijia
C,I (C,I)
212
1.83
0.15
Tiejiazi
I (C,I)
169
1.55
2.00
Xiongyuexiaohuangdou
I (I)
250
1.29
0.00
Yongfengdou
91
1.08
0.54
Yiwofeng (A256)
104
0.80
2.08
Xiaolidou 9 hao
101
0.89
4.62
Suoyiling
87
0.78
0.00
Xiaojinhuang
58
0.63
0.46
Silihuang (A211)
110
0.59
0.31
Xiaojinhuang
111
0.64
0.92
Xiaolihuang
90
0.62
0.31
Dongnong 33
32
0.40
1.38
Huinanqingpidou
63
0.39
0.08
Wudingzhu
18
0.23
0.92
II
Binhaidabaihua
C,II,III,IV (C,II,III,IV)
180
2.85
4.31
A295
C,II (II)
118
1.63
2.23
Jimoyoudou
II,IV (II)
145
1.48
2.92
Tongshantianedan
II (II)
163
1.38
1.08
Yidupingdinghuang
II
132
0.77
0.31
Tiejiaohuang
129
0.64
0.00
Dingtaopingdingdahuangdou
II (II)
30
0.57
1.23
Huaxiandalvdou
44
0.52
0.00
Pixianruantiaozhi
(II)
64
0.49
0.08
Dabaima
21
0.49
0.92
Shandongsijiaoqi
58
0.43
2.08
Dahuapi
36
0.38
0.00
Qinyangshuibaidou
48
0.33
1.00
Guangpingniumaohuang
17
0.31
0.62
Shandongxiaohuangdou
17
0.25
0.31
Peixiandabaijiao
19
0.25
0.54
Tongzhouxiaohuangdou
26
0.26
0.62
Dabaiqi
12
0.24
0.31
Yiwofeng (A257)
4
0.19
0.15
Xiaopingding
19
0.19
0.08
III
A291
III, IV, VI (III, IV, VI)
40
1.48
2.08
Fenxianshuidaohuang
III, V,VI (III,VI) VVVVVVV,VI (III,VI)
45
0.98
1.69
51-83
III (III)
41
0.77
1.15
Shanghailiuyuebai
III, IV,V (III, IV,V)
34
0.72
1.77
Taixingheidou
III (III)
13
0.37
0.15
Pudongdahuangdou
29
0.32
0.15
Houzimao
8
0.15
0.15
Tongshanbaopihuangdou
10
0.15
0.00
Wuyueba
6
0.14
0.38
IV
Maopengqing
IV (IV)
8
0.46
0.46
Siyuebai
(IV)
19
0.29
0.00
Baijiadou
4
0.23
0.31
Putiandahuangdou
VI
8
0.22
0.46
Shaodongliuyehuang
IV
7
0.20
0.38
Dahuangzhu
3
0.15
0.08
Gutiandou
VI
3
0.15
0.23
Caoqing
3
0.13
0.15
Lachenghuangdou
VI (VI)
3
0.13
0.15
Gongxianerjizao
4
0.10
0.31
Huangmaodou
4
0.10
0.31
V
Maoerhui
V
2
0.15
0.15
A299
V (V)
3
0.15
0.23
Dafangliuyuezao
V
3
0.10
0.15
VI
Jingxizaohuangdou
VI (VI)
3
0.07
0.08
F
A.K.
C,I (C,I)
297
1.80
0.38
Richland
II (II)
241
1.14
0.00
Mandarin
242
0.94
0.08
Dunfield
190
0.61
0.00
Mukden
169
0.39
1.31
Otootan
II (II)
169
0.71
0.00
Clemson
138
0.24
0.00
Shishengchangye
C, I (C, I)
287
3.13
0.35
Lincoln
II (II,V)
197
1.21
1.69
Mammoth Yellow
II(II)
169
0.71
0.00
Heilongjiang 41
33
0.33
0.08
Ribendabaimei
16
0.36
0.38
Yeqi 1 hao
55
0.30
0.00
Magnolia
32
0.28
0.00
Youbilie
30
0.27
0.00
total
63.65
69.80
Tab.7
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