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Frontiers of Computer Science

ISSN 2095-2228

ISSN 2095-2236(Online)

CN 10-1014/TP

邮发代号 80-970

2019 Impact Factor: 1.275

Frontiers of Computer Science  2024, Vol. 18 Issue (6): 186332   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-023-3200-z
  本期目录
Rts: learning robustly from time series data with noisy label
Zhi ZHOU, Yi-Xuan JIN, Yu-Feng LI()
National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
 全文: PDF(9109 KB)   HTML
Abstract:

Significant progress has been made in machine learning with large amounts of clean labels and static data. However, in many real-world applications, the data often changes with time and it is difficult to obtain massive clean annotations, that is, noisy labels and time series are faced simultaneously. For example, in product-buyer evaluation, each sample records the daily time behavior of users, but the long transaction period brings difficulties to analysis, and salespeople often erroneously annotate the user’s purchase behavior. Such a novel setting, to our best knowledge, has not been thoroughly studied yet, and there is still a lack of effective machine learning methods. In this paper, we present a systematic approach RTS both theoretically and empirically, consisting of two components, Noise-Tolerant Time Series Representation and Purified Oversampling Learning. Specifically, we propose reducing label noise’s destructive impact to obtain robust feature representations and potential clean samples. Then, a novel learning method based on the purified data and time series oversampling is adopted to train an unbiased model. Theoretical analysis proves that our proposal can improve the quality of the noisy data set. Empirical experiments on diverse tasks, such as the house-buyer evaluation task from real-world applications and various benchmark tasks, clearly demonstrate that our new algorithm robustly outperforms many competitive methods.

Key words: weakly-supervised learning    time-series classification    class-imbalanced learning
收稿日期: 2023-03-10      出版日期: 2023-09-21
Corresponding Author(s): Yu-Feng LI   
 引用本文:   
. [J]. Frontiers of Computer Science, 2024, 18(6): 186332.
Zhi ZHOU, Yi-Xuan JIN, Yu-Feng LI. Rts: learning robustly from time series data with noisy label. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(6): 186332.
 链接本文:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/CN/10.1007/s11704-023-3200-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/CN/Y2024/V18/I6/186332
Fig.1  
Fig.2  
  
Fig.3  
Methods Accuracy G-Mean F1 Score AUROC
CE 0.560±0.011 0.564±0.011 0.464±0.019 0.692±0.018
SMOTE 0.605±0.015 0.608±0.015 0.543±0.024 0.739±0.021
LDAM 0.658±0.016 0.661±0.015 0.624±0.022 0.695±0.053
SIGUA 0.561±0.016 0.565±0.016 0.464±0.029 0.686±0.023
INOS 0.596±0.021 0.599±0.021 0.528±0.036 0.721±0.014
SREA 0.496±0.000 0.500±0.000 0.331±0.000 0.535±0.086
CWSL 0.741±0.032 0.739±0.033 0.727±0.040 0.831±0.025
INOS+SREA 0.541±0.003 0.544±0.003 0.431±0.007 0.541±0.020
RTS 0.762±0.010 0.764±0.010 0.752±0.012 0.865±0.008
Tab.1  
Data set Size Length # Classes IR
ECG5000 5000 140 5 121.63
Distal. 539 80 3 7.16
Electr. 16637 96 7 3.41
Tab.2  
Fig.4  
Methods Balanced accuracy G-Mean F1 Score
CE 0 0 2
SMOTE 0 0 0
LDAM 2 2 0
SIGUA 0 0 1
INOS 0 0 0
SREA 0 0 0
CWSL 1 1 0
INOS+SREA 2 2 4
RTS 22 22 20
Tab.3  
Fig.5  
Fig.6  
Fig.7  
Fig.8  
Fig.9  
Fig.10  
Fig.11  
Methods Symm. 20% Symm. 40% Symm. 60% Symm. 80%
CE 21.0 21.2 21.1 21.0
SMOTE 43.7 38.0 32.7 26.9
LDAM 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.3
SIGUA 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.7
INOS 180.3 109.1 76.0 44.1
SREA 42.9 43.0 43.0 43.0
CWSL 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.3
INOS+SREA 232.7 154.1 113.5 73.5
RTS 81.1 69.5 59.4 44.3
Tab.4  
  
  
  
Datasets Noise % SREA INOS+SREA ROS+SREA SMOTE+SREA RTS
ECG5000 ? 0 0.483±0.009 0.589±0.020 0.583±0.019 0.590±0.022 0.587±0.019
Symm 20 0.456±0.037 0.571±0.022 0.564±0.014 0.544±0.011 0.558±0.018
Symm 40 0.494±0.060 0.500±0.056 0.552±0.053 0.478±0.011 0.480±0.010
Symm 60 0.383±0.000 0.457±0.039 0.434±0.044 0.429±0.061 0.469±0.014
Symm 80 0.383±0.001 0.378±0.002 0.230±0.178 0.304±0.145 0.386±0.028
Asymm 10 0.459±0.039 0.546±0.012 0.580±0.014 0.548±0.016 0.585±0.023
Asymm 20 0.474±0.002 0.504±0.014 0.507±0.008 0.490±0.012 0.556±0.025
Asymm 30 0.455±0.039 0.496±0.017 0.309±0.020 0.334±0.042 0.526±0.004
Asymm 40 0.454±0.038 0.492±0.024 0.284±0.009 0.272±0.011 0.420±0.016
Distal. ? 0 0.680±0.138 0.851±0.011 0.777±0.056 0.806±0.036 0.839±0.020
Symm 20 0.546±0.002 0.814±0.017 0.855±0.028 0.726±0.148 0.830±0.014
Symm 40 0.546±0.002 0.783±0.014 0.609±0.126 0.601±0.108 0.767±0.035
Symm 60 0.547±0.000 0.715±0.116 0.423±0.062 0.516±0.062 0.751±0.060
Symm 80 0.338±0.118 0.452±0.198 0.315±0.241 0.392±0.000 0.651±0.046
Asymm 10 0.547±0.000 0.737±0.043 0.832±0.018 0.845±0.029 0.826±0.037
Asymm 20 0.547±0.000 0.668±0.007 0.604±0.114 0.595±0.096 0.821±0.029
Asymm 30 0.547±0.000 0.655±0.105 0.309±0.119 0.488±0.119 0.786±0.028
Asymm 40 0.547±0.000 0.561±0.028 0.250±0.000 0.250±0.000 0.703±0.132
Electr. ? 0 0.753±0.007 0.719±0.082 0.808±0.008 0.793±0.003 0.837±0.003
Symm 20 0.612±0.117 0.586±0.018 0.778±0.012 0.775±0.011 0.832±0.003
Symm 40 0.546±0.040 0.618±0.013 0.725±0.015 0.639±0.110 0.797±0.005
Symm 60 0.262±0.064 0.485±0.086 0.365±0.067 0.358±0.103 0.714±0.004
Symm 80 0.083±0.050 0.101±0.068 0.103±0.056 0.086±0.049 0.508±0.011
Asymm 10 0.690±0.073 0.568±0.043 0.796±0.005 0.779±0.002 0.834±0.002
Asymm 20 0.660±0.064 0.604±0.072 0.788±0.009 0.775±0.005 0.835±0.002
Asymm 30 0.608±0.070 0.579±0.072 0.777±0.017 0.772±0.005 0.790±0.006
Asymm 40 0.401±0.178 0.358±0.006 0.482±0.047 0.422±0.050 0.712±0.007
Win / Total ? ? 0 / 27 4 / 27 2 / 27 2 / 27 19 / 27
  
Datasets Noise % SREA INOS+SREA ROS+SREA SMOTE+SREA RTS
ECG5000 ? 0 0.680±0.004 0.751±0.012 0.737±0.011 0.746±0.013 0.763±0.011
Symm 20 0.664±0.020 0.730±0.015 0.749±0.009 0.735±0.004 0.774±0.017
Symm 40 0.689±0.042 0.692±0.026 0.736±0.031 0.686±0.012 0.724±0.017
Symm 60 0.625±0.001 0.674±0.035 0.648±0.024 0.650±0.033 0.722±0.020
Symm 80 0.619±0.005 0.617±0.005 0.518±0.114 0.570±0.085 0.643±0.042
Asymm 10 0.667±0.021 0.717±0.005 0.742±0.014 0.736±0.011 0.772±0.014
Asymm 20 0.674±0.003 0.694±0.011 0.718±0.006 0.707±0.010 0.764±0.021
Asymm 30 0.663±0.025 0.687±0.013 0.601±0.019 0.604±0.022 0.738±0.013
Asymm 40 0.664±0.024 0.705±0.039 0.570±0.018 0.553±0.015 0.657±0.018
Distal. ? 0 0.796±0.070 0.888±0.003 0.854±0.042 0.883±0.014 0.887±0.010
Symm 20 0.730±0.003 0.869±0.007 0.893±0.022 0.824±0.078 0.892±0.015
Symm 40 0.730±0.003 0.861±0.012 0.762±0.065 0.760±0.059 0.857±0.022
Symm 60 0.731±0.000 0.816±0.064 0.717±0.007 0.727±0.007 0.854±0.020
Symm 80 0.572±0.123 0.696±0.128 0.632±0.134 0.713±0.000 0.785±0.040
Asymm 10 0.731±0.000 0.811±0.023 0.883±0.005 0.890±0.018 0.892±0.014
Asymm 20 0.731±0.000 0.776±0.004 0.759±0.055 0.754±0.047 0.894±0.010
Asymm 30 0.731±0.000 0.778±0.051 0.533±0.099 0.682±0.099 0.870±0.009
Asymm 40 0.731±0.000 0.736±0.010 0.484±0.000 0.484±0.000 0.799±0.070
Electr. ? 0 0.854±0.005 0.834±0.045 0.893±0.005 0.883±0.001 0.907±0.001
Symm 20 0.775±0.060 0.755±0.013 0.872±0.007 0.871±0.005 0.906±0.002
Symm 40 0.735±0.018 0.777±0.008 0.838±0.008 0.786±0.057 0.887±0.003
Symm 60 0.559±0.052 0.696±0.051 0.618±0.046 0.624±0.066 0.837±0.002
Symm 80 0.375±0.050 0.398±0.060 0.393±0.053 0.380±0.048 0.701±0.010
Asymm 10 0.819±0.039 0.749±0.026 0.885±0.003 0.876±0.004 0.907±0.001
Asymm 20 0.799±0.036 0.768±0.041 0.879±0.003 0.869±0.006 0.909±0.001
Asymm 30 0.772±0.036 0.755±0.037 0.869±0.012 0.865±0.005 0.886±0.003
Asymm 40 0.638±0.113 0.611±0.005 0.707±0.033 0.664±0.033 0.839±0.004
Win / Total ? ? 0 / 27 3 / 27 2 / 27 0 / 27 22 / 27
  
Datasets Noise % SREA INOS+SREA ROS+SREA SMOTE+SREA RTS
ECG5000 ? 0 0.471±0.006 0.573±0.018 0.553±0.017 0.566±0.020 0.592±0.018
Symm 20 0.450±0.027 0.542±0.022 0.574±0.014 0.554±0.006 0.613±0.027
Symm 40 0.486±0.059 0.489±0.037 0.552±0.045 0.481±0.017 0.543±0.026
Symm 60 0.399±0.000 0.467±0.048 0.431±0.030 0.432±0.043 0.543±0.029
Symm 80 0.395±0.004 0.391±0.005 0.304±0.102 0.351±0.075 0.446±0.052
Asymm 10 0.454±0.028 0.523±0.007 0.560±0.021 0.552±0.017 0.607±0.022
Asymm 20 0.463±0.004 0.492±0.014 0.529±0.008 0.516±0.014 0.600±0.032
Asymm 30 0.449±0.030 0.482±0.018 0.395±0.025 0.395±0.026 0.564±0.020
Asymm 40 0.451±0.030 0.511±0.055 0.355±0.022 0.334±0.017 0.465±0.023
Distal. ? 0 0.699±0.113 0.851±0.005 0.796±0.071 0.847±0.021 0.850±0.017
Symm 20 0.593±0.004 0.819±0.012 0.858±0.037 0.747±0.126 0.861±0.027
Symm 40 0.593±0.004 0.807±0.022 0.645±0.105 0.643±0.096 0.803±0.037
Symm 60 0.595±0.000 0.734±0.106 0.603±0.004 0.597±0.004 0.801±0.029
Symm 80 0.440±0.131 0.593±0.154 0.513±0.149 0.605±0.000 0.687±0.067
Asymm 10 0.595±0.000 0.721±0.038 0.843±0.007 0.854±0.030 0.862±0.021
Asymm 20 0.595±0.000 0.665±0.005 0.640±0.089 0.632±0.074 0.864±0.014
Asymm 30 0.595±0.000 0.669±0.081 0.378±0.109 0.541±0.109 0.823±0.016
Asymm 40 0.595±0.000 0.603±0.015 0.324±0.000 0.324±0.000 0.708±0.105
Electr. ? 0 0.754±0.008 0.721±0.072 0.819±0.007 0.803±0.002 0.842±0.002
Symm 20 0.632±0.091 0.597±0.020 0.785±0.012 0.784±0.007 0.841±0.002
Symm 40 0.572±0.026 0.632±0.011 0.730±0.013 0.651±0.085 0.808±0.005
Symm 60 0.345±0.062 0.517±0.071 0.415±0.058 0.426±0.085 0.729±0.002
Symm 80 0.165±0.044 0.185±0.052 0.180±0.046 0.169±0.042 0.530±0.014
Asymm 10 0.698±0.062 0.589±0.039 0.806±0.005 0.792±0.006 0.843±0.003
Asymm 20 0.667±0.056 0.620±0.064 0.797±0.005 0.781±0.009 0.845±0.002
Asymm 30 0.627±0.055 0.600±0.057 0.780±0.018 0.773±0.007 0.808±0.005
Asymm 40 0.449±0.152 0.402±0.006 0.532±0.042 0.477±0.042 0.734±0.006
Win / Total ? ? 0 / 27 3 / 27 1 / 27 0 / 27 23 / 27
  
Datasets Noise % CE SMOTE LDAM SIGUA INOS SREA CWSL RTS
ECG5000 ? 0 0.750±0.011 0.749±0.013 0.746±0.017 0.729±0.004 0.748±0.012 0.680±0.004 0.741±0.015 0.763±0.011
Symm 20 0.731±0.006 0.715±0.012 0.703±0.017 0.730±0.006 0.739±0.008 0.664±0.020 0.660±0.019 0.774±0.017
Symm 40 0.674±0.023 0.674±0.009 0.639±0.023 0.706±0.017 0.678±0.016 0.689±0.042 0.656±0.015 0.724±0.017
Symm 60 0.623±0.022 0.596±0.013 0.582±0.031 0.628±0.014 0.624±0.020 0.625±0.001 0.633±0.042 0.722±0.020
Symm 80 0.513±0.012 0.480±0.040 0.507±0.029 0.611±0.008 0.539±0.042 0.619±0.005 0.656±0.035 0.643±0.042
Asymm 10 0.722±0.013 0.724±0.010 0.710±0.009 0.725±0.014 0.717±0.005 0.667±0.021 0.725±0.037 0.772±0.014
Asymm 20 0.687±0.012 0.663±0.020 0.670±0.019 0.717±0.012 0.709±0.007 0.674±0.003 0.717±0.029 0.764±0.021
Asymm 30 0.643±0.021 0.616±0.032 0.618±0.019 0.692±0.008 0.649±0.016 0.663±0.025 0.658±0.016 0.738±0.013
Asymm 40 0.560±0.022 0.546±0.035 0.547±0.016 0.646±0.018 0.558±0.018 0.664±0.024 0.630±0.026 0.657±0.018
Distal Phalanx Outline Age Group ? 0 0.857±0.028 0.881±0.028 0.889±0.010 0.834±0.023 0.874±0.019 0.796±0.070 0.791±0.082 0.887±0.010
Symm 20 0.834±0.034 0.753±0.023 0.825±0.043 0.841±0.021 0.801±0.030 0.730±0.003 0.680±0.076 0.892±0.015
Symm 40 0.705±0.035 0.691±0.035 0.739±0.037 0.734±0.039 0.746±0.022 0.730±0.003 0.614±0.080 0.857±0.022
Symm 60 0.640±0.051 0.639±0.052 0.703±0.038 0.667±0.046 0.669±0.030 0.731±0.000 0.555±0.051 0.854±0.020
Symm 80 0.585±0.025 0.559±0.058 0.570±0.019 0.716±0.031 0.585±0.034 0.572±0.123 0.569±0.047 0.785±0.040
Asymm 10 0.818±0.023 0.753±0.047 0.837±0.007 0.834±0.038 0.811±0.016 0.731±0.000 0.695±0.118 0.892±0.014
Asymm 20 0.765±0.035 0.714±0.026 0.803±0.054 0.807±0.045 0.763±0.025 0.731±0.000 0.598±0.064 0.894±0.010
Asymm 30 0.707±0.025 0.652±0.040 0.667±0.044 0.698±0.014 0.720±0.058 0.731±0.000 0.619±0.038 0.870±0.009
Asymm 40 0.631±0.043 0.587±0.018 0.607±0.093 0.582±0.086 0.590±0.028 0.731±0.000 0.536±0.048 0.799±0.070
Electric Devices ? 0 0.919±0.002 0.918±0.001 0.920±0.001 0.916±0.003 0.919±0.002 0.854±0.005 0.888±0.006 0.907±0.001
Symm 20 0.870±0.007 0.860±0.005 0.894±0.002 0.884±0.002 0.864±0.004 0.775±0.060 0.850±0.003 0.906±0.002
Symm 40 0.797±0.006 0.786±0.003 0.826±0.005 0.835±0.015 0.793±0.005 0.735±0.018 0.803±0.004 0.887±0.003
Symm 60 0.689±0.002 0.686±0.005 0.729±0.005 0.782±0.005 0.682±0.008 0.559±0.052 0.731±0.013 0.837±0.002
Symm 80 0.547±0.006 0.541±0.008 0.570±0.020 0.524±0.064 0.553±0.009 0.375±0.050 0.630±0.009 0.701±0.010
Asymm 10 0.889±0.004 0.881±0.005 0.900±0.002 0.894±0.001 0.885±0.004 0.819±0.039 0.866±0.006 0.907±0.001
Asymm 20 0.854±0.010 0.841±0.008 0.872±0.004 0.872±0.004 0.846±0.007 0.799±0.036 0.840±0.013 0.909±0.001
Asymm 30 0.784±0.015 0.781±0.011 0.808±0.006 0.830±0.012 0.786±0.016 0.772±0.036 0.812±0.005 0.886±0.003
Asymm 40 0.729±0.011 0.710±0.009 0.722±0.008 0.762±0.011 0.718±0.013 0.638±0.113 0.774±0.016 0.839±0.004
MedicalImages ? 0 0.907±0.013 0.912±0.007 0.911±0.006 0.910±0.008 0.905±0.010 0.767±0.048 0.859±0.015 0.886±0.006
Symm 20 0.808±0.020 0.777±0.012 0.827±0.008 0.852±0.018 0.800±0.017 0.612±0.029 0.822±0.012 0.884±0.006
Symm 40 0.729±0.015 0.675±0.011 0.696±0.015 0.748±0.015 0.714±0.021 0.335±0.020 0.761±0.022 0.820±0.023
Symm 60 0.561±0.033 0.564±0.031 0.574±0.014 0.638±0.020 0.572±0.025 0.300±0.000 0.704±0.011 0.703±0.012
Symm 80 0.473±0.019 0.448±0.027 0.472±0.021 0.535±0.040 0.485±0.033 0.300±0.000 0.665±0.027 0.618±0.038
Asymm 10 0.859±0.018 0.846±0.019 0.851±0.014 0.855±0.015 0.859±0.015 0.730±0.030 0.834±0.013 0.858±0.004
Asymm 20 0.810±0.017 0.803±0.011 0.813±0.013 0.805±0.009 0.805±0.018 0.680±0.018 0.802±0.018 0.847±0.003
Asymm 30 0.782±0.015 0.770±0.017 0.786±0.009 0.795±0.013 0.776±0.007 0.516±0.149 0.796±0.021 0.803±0.013
Asymm 40 0.733±0.012 0.724±0.011 0.740±0.016 0.733±0.013 0.732±0.022 0.608±0.052 0.791±0.010 0.743±0.018
FacesUCR ? 0 0.996±0.001 0.996±0.005 0.997±0.001 0.992±0.005 0.996±0.001 0.992±0.002 0.952±0.009 0.983±0.003
Symm 20 0.913±0.008 0.910±0.003 0.943±0.007 0.957±0.003 0.927±0.010 0.987±0.002 0.915±0.007 0.987±0.002
Symm 40 0.837±0.007 0.842±0.015 0.874±0.008 0.936±0.004 0.841±0.004 0.971±0.001 0.875±0.013 0.973±0.005
Symm 60 0.715±0.023 0.719±0.015 0.737±0.006 0.853±0.008 0.703±0.011 0.754±0.209 0.797±0.018 0.894±0.004
Symm 80 0.518±0.017 0.513±0.009 0.543±0.019 0.676±0.018 0.527±0.005 0.572±0.229 0.658±0.018 0.691±0.011
Asymm 10 0.952±0.003 0.951±0.005 0.967±0.001 0.984±0.006 0.950±0.006 0.990±0.001 0.933±0.003 0.988±0.002
Asymm 20 0.909±0.009 0.901±0.007 0.921±0.007 0.953±0.001 0.904±0.005 0.975±0.004 0.927±0.003 0.983±0.003
Asymm 30 0.820±0.004 0.820±0.008 0.852±0.008 0.898±0.006 0.830±0.016 0.967±0.010 0.898±0.003 0.956±0.003
Asymm 40 0.759±0.014 0.757±0.019 0.764±0.013 0.852±0.013 0.774±0.013 0.935±0.017 0.878±0.004 0.914±0.012
Distal Phalanx TW ? 0 0.715±0.022 0.699±0.022 0.681±0.025 0.691±0.022 0.683±0.019 0.558±0.000 0.643±0.067 0.710±0.007
Symm 20 0.630±0.043 0.616±0.016 0.648±0.008 0.634±0.045 0.665±0.031 0.558±0.000 0.589±0.096 0.712±0.019
Symm 40 0.571±0.032 0.542±0.032 0.598±0.036 0.645±0.010 0.571±0.020 0.577±0.038 0.567±0.012 0.665±0.008
Symm 60 0.487±0.043 0.445±0.035 0.501±0.018 0.556±0.024 0.508±0.045 0.555±0.002 0.495±0.031 0.562±0.046
Symm 80 0.478±0.020 0.457±0.049 0.504±0.034 0.549±0.033 0.462±0.025 0.518±0.073 0.575±0.010 0.645±0.021
Asymm 10 0.729±0.018 0.639±0.013 0.686±0.041 0.683±0.018 0.694±0.017 0.577±0.038 0.656±0.041 0.732±0.009
Asymm 20 0.639±0.026 0.600±0.027 0.695±0.039 0.648±0.017 0.671±0.015 0.577±0.038 0.555±0.040 0.757±0.017
Asymm 30 0.595±0.023 0.520±0.033 0.620±0.037 0.643±0.055 0.558±0.023 0.587±0.036 0.549±0.055 0.667±0.034
Asymm 40 0.592±0.028 0.519±0.049 0.561±0.027 0.568±0.054 0.591±0.030 0.557±0.002 0.589±0.014 0.575±0.077
Middle Phalanx TW ? 0 0.569±0.024 0.564±0.035 0.581±0.025 0.557±0.010 0.558±0.009 0.555±0.007 0.592±0.040 0.590±0.028
Symm 20 0.565±0.033 0.530±0.031 0.563±0.025 0.572±0.044 0.543±0.035 0.551±0.009 0.549±0.041 0.584±0.012
Symm 40 0.508±0.019 0.475±0.024 0.532±0.032 0.561±0.006 0.527±0.029 0.549±0.001 0.516±0.037 0.587±0.011
Symm 60 0.486±0.032 0.442±0.041 0.549±0.039 0.557±0.025 0.525±0.015 0.552±0.000 0.496±0.027 0.556±0.037
Symm 80 0.461±0.074 0.416±0.047 0.470±0.048 0.551±0.032 0.437±0.031 0.373±0.000 0.529±0.032 0.567±0.026
Asymm 10 0.566±0.023 0.579±0.017 0.619±0.024 0.569±0.030 0.551±0.022 0.556±0.005 0.568±0.029 0.578±0.018
Asymm 20 0.538±0.024 0.478±0.033 0.535±0.023 0.548±0.012 0.535±0.016 0.571±0.011 0.530±0.040 0.592±0.021
Asymm 30 0.547±0.028 0.505±0.037 0.581±0.009 0.545±0.014 0.542±0.024 0.562±0.011 0.530±0.052 0.582±0.010
Asymm 40 0.589±0.030 0.593±0.034 0.560±0.037 0.564±0.028 0.564±0.017 0.561±0.000 0.562±0.051 0.539±0.033
Win / Total ? ? 3 / 63 2 / 63 4 / 63 1 / 63 0 / 63 5 / 63 5 / 63 43 / 63
  
Datasets Noise % CE SMOTE LDAM SIGUA INOS SREA CWSL RTS
ECG5000 ? 0 0.594±0.020 0.584±0.014 0.561±0.024 0.567±0.008 0.578±0.016 0.483±0.009 0.485±0.010 0.587±0.019
Symm 20 0.536±0.008 0.514±0.017 0.455±0.033 0.568±0.006 0.551±0.018 0.456±0.037 0.362±0.031 0.558±0.018
Symm 40 0.427±0.016 0.434±0.013 0.365±0.027 0.529±0.020 0.435±0.014 0.494±0.060 0.371±0.017 0.480±0.010
Symm 60 0.342±0.010 0.334±0.021 0.307±0.022 0.404±0.029 0.343±0.015 0.383±0.000 0.350±0.020 0.469±0.014
Symm 80 0.254±0.015 0.247±0.028 0.229±0.022 0.374±0.004 0.258±0.021 0.383±0.001 0.357±0.016 0.386±0.028
Asymm 10 0.540±0.015 0.540±0.019 0.482±0.020 0.543±0.020 0.519±0.011 0.459±0.039 0.437±0.028 0.585±0.023
Asymm 20 0.467±0.022 0.442±0.017 0.437±0.018 0.531±0.010 0.490±0.016 0.474±0.002 0.428±0.018 0.556±0.025
Asymm 30 0.416±0.024 0.387±0.037 0.368±0.011 0.484±0.017 0.412±0.012 0.455±0.039 0.386±0.028 0.526±0.004
Asymm 40 0.339±0.018 0.327±0.036 0.319±0.017 0.425±0.021 0.332±0.017 0.454±0.038 0.357±0.032 0.420±0.016
Distal Phalanx Outline Age Group ? 0 0.819±0.027 0.840±0.027 0.818±0.033 0.785±0.018 0.849±0.019 0.680±0.138 0.650±0.130 0.839±0.020
Symm 20 0.765±0.043 0.643±0.017 0.750±0.052 0.781±0.016 0.705±0.036 0.546±0.002 0.393±0.127 0.830±0.014
Symm 40 0.584±0.053 0.557±0.046 0.610±0.049 0.621±0.042 0.615±0.039 0.546±0.002 0.346±0.105 0.767±0.035
Symm 60 0.511±0.047 0.497±0.062 0.573±0.056 0.585±0.052 0.538±0.044 0.547±0.000 0.234±0.093 0.751±0.060
Symm 80 0.423±0.014 0.384±0.070 0.407±0.031 0.593±0.044 0.414±0.040 0.338±0.118 0.287±0.113 0.651±0.046
Asymm 10 0.739±0.049 0.655±0.056 0.747±0.029 0.768±0.039 0.756±0.026 0.547±0.000 0.463±0.204 0.826±0.037
Asymm 20 0.654±0.047 0.568±0.022 0.709±0.063 0.748±0.076 0.657±0.039 0.547±0.000 0.293±0.119 0.821±0.029
Asymm 30 0.560±0.019 0.512±0.043 0.515±0.055 0.616±0.032 0.585±0.068 0.547±0.000 0.302±0.033 0.786±0.028
Asymm 40 0.479±0.064 0.436±0.013 0.435±0.085 0.452±0.112 0.437±0.031 0.547±0.000 0.270±0.029 0.703±0.132
Electric Devices ? 0 0.858±0.005 0.851±0.003 0.851±0.004 0.853±0.004 0.856±0.004 0.753±0.007 0.792±0.009 0.837±0.003
Symm 20 0.770±0.013 0.750±0.009 0.805±0.005 0.797±0.005 0.761±0.007 0.612±0.117 0.721±0.006 0.832±0.003
Symm 40 0.652±0.009 0.626±0.009 0.685±0.010 0.715±0.026 0.647±0.010 0.546±0.040 0.642±0.010 0.797±0.005
Symm 60 0.497±0.004 0.482±0.012 0.537±0.005 0.632±0.006 0.479±0.016 0.262±0.064 0.537±0.023 0.714±0.004
Symm 80 0.320±0.006 0.303±0.013 0.340±0.026 0.259±0.070 0.321±0.011 0.083±0.050 0.415±0.009 0.508±0.011
Asymm 10 0.805±0.008 0.780±0.011 0.812±0.003 0.810±0.003 0.794±0.008 0.690±0.073 0.741±0.011 0.834±0.002
Asymm 20 0.745±0.016 0.716±0.017 0.760±0.006 0.775±0.006 0.731±0.013 0.660±0.064 0.697±0.020 0.835±0.002
Asymm 30 0.633±0.024 0.621±0.021 0.659±0.009 0.711±0.021 0.634±0.026 0.608±0.070 0.653±0.010 0.790±0.006
Asymm 40 0.556±0.018 0.525±0.011 0.532±0.012 0.603±0.017 0.537±0.016 0.401±0.178 0.603±0.026 0.712±0.007
MedicalImages ? 0 0.837±0.022 0.834±0.006 0.821±0.013 0.844±0.010 0.830±0.005 0.617±0.067 0.618±0.048 0.798±0.009
Symm 20 0.611±0.029 0.539±0.010 0.553±0.014 0.722±0.024 0.584±0.037 0.402±0.040 0.513±0.030 0.744±0.010
Symm 40 0.473±0.012 0.412±0.008 0.386±0.019 0.566±0.017 0.452±0.019 0.092±0.015 0.433±0.028 0.594±0.022
Symm 60 0.262±0.041 0.243±0.021 0.253±0.020 0.378±0.029 0.279±0.026 0.068±0.000 0.367±0.020 0.446±0.022
Symm 80 0.198±0.018 0.182±0.020 0.198±0.017 0.282±0.036 0.210±0.025 0.068±0.000 0.317±0.013 0.321±0.032
Asymm 10 0.756±0.022 0.728±0.019 0.698±0.021 0.755±0.024 0.735±0.033 0.571±0.039 0.595±0.039 0.753±0.007
Asymm 20 0.655±0.027 0.635±0.013 0.629±0.022 0.665±0.007 0.653±0.024 0.465±0.023 0.549±0.055 0.703±0.009
Asymm 30 0.619±0.016 0.590±0.021 0.595±0.027 0.652±0.017 0.604±0.018 0.266±0.144 0.512±0.044 0.641±0.016
Asymm 40 0.528±0.028 0.530±0.022 0.529±0.020 0.546±0.020 0.535±0.028 0.354±0.048 0.493±0.036 0.555±0.029
FacesUCR ? 0 0.987±0.002 0.987±0.008 0.989±0.002 0.981±0.009 0.986±0.002 0.974±0.005 0.896±0.018 0.959±0.005
Symm 20 0.837±0.012 0.825±0.009 0.881±0.016 0.916±0.006 0.857±0.014 0.967±0.005 0.817±0.016 0.967±0.002
Symm 40 0.692±0.016 0.689±0.021 0.746±0.014 0.878±0.009 0.699±0.018 0.936±0.003 0.750±0.018 0.940±0.009
Symm 60 0.511±0.037 0.519±0.020 0.538±0.011 0.731±0.014 0.496±0.018 0.582±0.306 0.633±0.025 0.798±0.010
Symm 80 0.272±0.019 0.270±0.010 0.299±0.024 0.467±0.020 0.285±0.008 0.361±0.277 0.442±0.014 0.482±0.013
Asymm 10 0.903±0.009 0.894±0.013 0.922±0.004 0.966±0.010 0.895±0.013 0.972±0.002 0.849±0.008 0.970±0.003
Asymm 20 0.814±0.012 0.802±0.013 0.830±0.013 0.902±0.003 0.811±0.011 0.944±0.010 0.838±0.006 0.959±0.007
Asymm 30 0.671±0.005 0.667±0.015 0.715±0.013 0.804±0.010 0.684±0.026 0.930±0.018 0.791±0.008 0.898±0.009
Asymm 40 0.582±0.022 0.575±0.024 0.587±0.018 0.736±0.022 0.601±0.018 0.877±0.031 0.759±0.008 0.819±0.019
Distal Phalanx TW ? 0 0.535±0.021 0.527±0.036 0.479±0.039 0.493±0.030 0.484±0.015 0.265±0.000 0.411±0.074 0.539±0.013
Symm 20 0.432±0.045 0.396±0.017 0.434±0.016 0.419±0.058 0.471±0.034 0.265±0.000 0.308±0.107 0.533±0.035
Symm 40 0.352±0.035 0.320±0.032 0.393±0.041 0.439±0.025 0.356±0.020 0.294±0.059 0.302±0.019 0.471±0.019
Symm 60 0.274±0.037 0.235±0.037 0.276±0.015 0.330±0.028 0.298±0.046 0.235±0.024 0.214±0.047 0.358±0.061
Symm 80 0.224±0.018 0.230±0.056 0.277±0.040 0.314±0.029 0.216±0.033 0.202±0.052 0.316±0.007 0.417±0.021
Asymm 10 0.550±0.021 0.417±0.025 0.484±0.052 0.476±0.025 0.502±0.023 0.294±0.059 0.393±0.053 0.556±0.010
Asymm 20 0.438±0.035 0.379±0.035 0.501±0.059 0.451±0.024 0.457±0.019 0.294±0.059 0.284±0.049 0.585±0.032
Asymm 30 0.362±0.031 0.294±0.030 0.414±0.053 0.418±0.067 0.334±0.032 0.313±0.059 0.285±0.083 0.458±0.038
Asymm 40 0.358±0.043 0.289±0.044 0.324±0.035 0.330±0.066 0.352±0.028 0.254±0.022 0.322±0.030 0.328±0.087
Middle Phalanx TW ? 0 0.347±0.032 0.349±0.045 0.357±0.035 0.327±0.012 0.335±0.016 0.260±0.011 0.347±0.061 0.366±0.046
Symm 20 0.339±0.033 0.313±0.031 0.337±0.025 0.344±0.051 0.320±0.046 0.235±0.021 0.298±0.051 0.357±0.016
Symm 40 0.286±0.021 0.264±0.027 0.296±0.023 0.329±0.011 0.302±0.034 0.231±0.012 0.277±0.034 0.361±0.014
Symm 60 0.256±0.035 0.227±0.041 0.320±0.051 0.320±0.031 0.303±0.014 0.255±0.000 0.249±0.033 0.317±0.036
Symm 80 0.228±0.066 0.184±0.042 0.236±0.040 0.304±0.036 0.209±0.031 0.090±0.000 0.305±0.041 0.316±0.031
Asymm 10 0.342±0.030 0.354±0.014 0.396±0.021 0.338±0.038 0.309±0.017 0.259±0.023 0.320±0.038 0.348±0.020
Asymm 20 0.321±0.034 0.266±0.021 0.306±0.028 0.320±0.017 0.307±0.015 0.275±0.028 0.283±0.053 0.366±0.030
Asymm 30 0.315±0.024 0.285±0.029 0.352±0.010 0.297±0.014 0.308±0.033 0.262±0.018 0.263±0.077 0.362±0.008
Asymm 40 0.357±0.025 0.371±0.030 0.314±0.032 0.321±0.028 0.331±0.023 0.275±0.000 0.294±0.065 0.313±0.037
Win / Total ? ? 4 / 63 1 / 63 2 / 63 5 / 63 1 / 63 5 / 63 0 / 63 45 / 63
  
Datasets Noise % CE SMOTE LDAM SIGUA INOS SREA CWSL RTS
ECG5000 ? 0 0.572±0.017 0.571±0.020 0.569±0.026 0.541±0.005 0.570±0.018 0.471±0.006 0.573±0.026 0.592±0.018
Symm 20 0.548±0.010 0.528±0.016 0.519±0.023 0.543±0.008 0.559±0.013 0.450±0.027 0.480±0.024 0.613±0.027
Symm 40 0.483±0.035 0.480±0.012 0.446±0.027 0.510±0.024 0.484±0.024 0.486±0.059 0.470±0.017 0.543±0.026
Symm 60 0.431±0.030 0.397±0.014 0.383±0.038 0.407±0.018 0.432±0.027 0.399±0.000 0.445±0.055 0.543±0.029
Symm 80 0.305±0.014 0.271±0.041 0.302±0.033 0.387±0.007 0.341±0.054 0.395±0.004 0.474±0.048 0.446±0.052
Asymm 10 0.535±0.017 0.538±0.016 0.521±0.012 0.537±0.021 0.528±0.006 0.454±0.028 0.555±0.054 0.607±0.022
Asymm 20 0.495±0.014 0.464±0.027 0.476±0.023 0.531±0.018 0.527±0.010 0.463±0.004 0.549±0.042 0.600±0.032
Asymm 30 0.445±0.028 0.412±0.034 0.417±0.027 0.501±0.012 0.455±0.019 0.449±0.030 0.462±0.023 0.564±0.020
Asymm 40 0.352±0.026 0.333±0.032 0.337±0.019 0.449±0.022 0.352±0.021 0.451±0.030 0.431±0.032 0.465±0.023
Distal Phalanx Outline Age Group ? 0 0.800±0.040 0.851±0.031 0.857±0.016 0.766±0.032 0.842±0.022 0.699±0.113 0.746±0.091 0.850±0.017
Symm 20 0.780±0.046 0.665±0.037 0.771±0.066 0.795±0.037 0.742±0.045 0.593±0.004 0.611±0.095 0.861±0.027
Symm 40 0.590±0.047 0.587±0.047 0.634±0.045 0.633±0.064 0.663±0.033 0.593±0.004 0.511±0.088 0.803±0.037
Symm 60 0.522±0.060 0.528±0.065 0.601±0.039 0.558±0.051 0.562±0.051 0.595±0.000 0.431±0.057 0.801±0.029
Symm 80 0.463±0.027 0.444±0.069 0.440±0.015 0.609±0.045 0.468±0.046 0.440±0.131 0.448±0.055 0.687±0.067
Asymm 10 0.762±0.037 0.674±0.065 0.778±0.009 0.774±0.058 0.753±0.021 0.595±0.000 0.615±0.143 0.862±0.021
Asymm 20 0.672±0.055 0.617±0.034 0.738±0.072 0.742±0.077 0.686±0.033 0.595±0.000 0.488±0.079 0.864±0.014
Asymm 30 0.605±0.031 0.539±0.048 0.558±0.052 0.599±0.026 0.631±0.081 0.595±0.000 0.522±0.055 0.823±0.016
Asymm 40 0.523±0.041 0.461±0.025 0.495±0.112 0.472±0.113 0.468±0.036 0.595±0.000 0.398±0.069 0.708±0.105
Electric Devices ? 0 0.862±0.004 0.861±0.001 0.865±0.002 0.856±0.005 0.862±0.003 0.754±0.008 0.816±0.009 0.842±0.002
Symm 20 0.782±0.011 0.768±0.008 0.821±0.003 0.805±0.004 0.773±0.006 0.632±0.091 0.754±0.005 0.841±0.002
Symm 40 0.670±0.010 0.655±0.005 0.715±0.008 0.726±0.023 0.664±0.008 0.572±0.026 0.680±0.005 0.808±0.005
Symm 60 0.515±0.002 0.512±0.007 0.571±0.007 0.645±0.008 0.505±0.011 0.345±0.062 0.575±0.017 0.729±0.002
Symm 80 0.335±0.007 0.329±0.009 0.362±0.023 0.310±0.068 0.344±0.010 0.165±0.044 0.436±0.011 0.530±0.014
Asymm 10 0.813±0.006 0.801±0.009 0.832±0.003 0.820±0.001 0.806±0.006 0.698±0.062 0.780±0.009 0.843±0.003
Asymm 20 0.758±0.017 0.738±0.013 0.788±0.006 0.787±0.007 0.744±0.011 0.667±0.056 0.738±0.020 0.845±0.002
Asymm 30 0.651±0.021 0.646±0.015 0.689±0.009 0.718±0.019 0.653±0.023 0.627±0.055 0.695±0.008 0.808±0.005
Asymm 40 0.569±0.015 0.543±0.012 0.560±0.010 0.616±0.017 0.555±0.019 0.449±0.152 0.636±0.025 0.734±0.006
MedicalImages ? 0 0.841±0.023 0.850±0.013 0.850±0.009 0.848±0.013 0.837±0.017 0.620±0.073 0.774±0.024 0.809±0.009
Symm 20 0.680±0.032 0.635±0.020 0.720±0.014 0.749±0.029 0.669±0.028 0.403±0.036 0.718±0.019 0.809±0.011
Symm 40 0.561±0.024 0.485±0.015 0.517±0.022 0.585±0.023 0.538±0.030 0.125±0.015 0.619±0.032 0.702±0.039
Symm 60 0.340±0.037 0.347±0.037 0.357±0.017 0.432±0.027 0.352±0.031 0.100±0.000 0.533±0.018 0.523±0.017
Symm 80 0.245±0.020 0.221±0.026 0.244±0.021 0.310±0.045 0.257±0.034 0.100±0.000 0.480±0.040 0.412±0.050
Asymm 10 0.761±0.030 0.740±0.032 0.750±0.022 0.754±0.025 0.761±0.024 0.564±0.045 0.733±0.020 0.761±0.006
Asymm 20 0.680±0.029 0.671±0.017 0.690±0.021 0.672±0.015 0.674±0.027 0.491±0.024 0.680±0.024 0.745±0.005
Asymm 30 0.640±0.021 0.625±0.026 0.649±0.014 0.658±0.020 0.630±0.010 0.310±0.153 0.673±0.032 0.673±0.022
Asymm 40 0.571±0.018 0.556±0.016 0.581±0.024 0.568±0.019 0.566±0.033 0.399±0.062 0.665±0.016 0.585±0.027
FacesUCR ? 0 0.992±0.003 0.992±0.009 0.995±0.002 0.986±0.009 0.992±0.002 0.986±0.004 0.912±0.016 0.969±0.005
Symm 20 0.843±0.014 0.839±0.006 0.896±0.012 0.921±0.006 0.867±0.018 0.976±0.004 0.847±0.012 0.975±0.003
Symm 40 0.717±0.012 0.725±0.024 0.778±0.013 0.884±0.008 0.724±0.006 0.945±0.003 0.778±0.021 0.949±0.009
Symm 60 0.531±0.033 0.537±0.022 0.563±0.008 0.741±0.013 0.513±0.015 0.622±0.284 0.653±0.028 0.810±0.007
Symm 80 0.284±0.018 0.279±0.009 0.311±0.021 0.475±0.025 0.293±0.005 0.391±0.262 0.450±0.024 0.495±0.015
Asymm 10 0.912±0.005 0.911±0.009 0.939±0.002 0.971±0.011 0.908±0.011 0.982±0.002 0.879±0.005 0.978±0.004
Asymm 20 0.837±0.015 0.824±0.012 0.858±0.011 0.914±0.002 0.828±0.008 0.954±0.007 0.869±0.005 0.969±0.006
Asymm 30 0.689±0.008 0.689±0.013 0.742±0.014 0.818±0.011 0.706±0.026 0.940±0.018 0.818±0.005 0.920±0.006
Asymm 40 0.594±0.021 0.592±0.030 0.602±0.019 0.740±0.022 0.616±0.020 0.882±0.031 0.783±0.007 0.847±0.021
Distal Phalanx TW ? 0 0.540±0.032 0.516±0.031 0.491±0.035 0.504±0.031 0.492±0.025 0.333±0.000 0.457±0.081 0.534±0.010
Symm 20 0.428±0.054 0.412±0.020 0.450±0.012 0.431±0.060 0.475±0.041 0.333±0.000 0.394±0.105 0.538±0.028
Symm 40 0.358±0.037 0.329±0.040 0.390±0.043 0.444±0.013 0.360±0.024 0.357±0.047 0.359±0.015 0.470±0.012
Symm 60 0.269±0.043 0.228±0.035 0.284±0.021 0.336±0.027 0.293±0.050 0.333±0.000 0.283±0.030 0.355±0.053
Symm 80 0.266±0.023 0.243±0.047 0.290±0.033 0.334±0.034 0.248±0.025 0.300±0.067 0.371±0.013 0.452±0.023
Asymm 10 0.561±0.026 0.441±0.017 0.503±0.056 0.493±0.025 0.510±0.024 0.357±0.047 0.471±0.055 0.565±0.012
Asymm 20 0.440±0.032 0.397±0.033 0.516±0.054 0.448±0.022 0.485±0.020 0.357±0.047 0.341±0.042 0.604±0.025
Asymm 30 0.387±0.024 0.301±0.035 0.415±0.044 0.447±0.077 0.342±0.024 0.369±0.044 0.334±0.057 0.475±0.047
Asymm 40 0.388±0.031 0.304±0.052 0.349±0.033 0.355±0.066 0.387±0.038 0.333±0.000 0.379±0.017 0.367±0.080
Middle Phalanx TW ? 0 0.357±0.029 0.352±0.041 0.373±0.031 0.341±0.011 0.343±0.011 0.338±0.010 0.389±0.049 0.382±0.036
Symm 20 0.354±0.039 0.316±0.034 0.351±0.029 0.361±0.054 0.328±0.041 0.336±0.011 0.338±0.046 0.372±0.015
Symm 40 0.291±0.019 0.258±0.024 0.316±0.033 0.345±0.007 0.312±0.032 0.333±0.000 0.303±0.040 0.379±0.015
Symm 60 0.268±0.032 0.228±0.042 0.340±0.044 0.342±0.028 0.310±0.016 0.333±0.000 0.280±0.026 0.348±0.042
Symm 80 0.251±0.075 0.206±0.043 0.256±0.046 0.337±0.036 0.223±0.029 0.167±0.000 0.315±0.036 0.355±0.030
Asymm 10 0.354±0.026 0.368±0.020 0.420±0.030 0.357±0.037 0.335±0.026 0.340±0.005 0.360±0.032 0.366±0.021
Asymm 20 0.322±0.027 0.260±0.032 0.318±0.028 0.332±0.014 0.319±0.018 0.360±0.013 0.315±0.044 0.383±0.025
Asymm 30 0.335±0.031 0.290±0.038 0.372±0.012 0.330±0.016 0.329±0.027 0.347±0.014 0.318±0.052 0.372±0.011
Asymm 40 0.384±0.038 0.393±0.042 0.351±0.043 0.352±0.033 0.354±0.020 0.344±0.000 0.355±0.053 0.329±0.036
Win / Total ? ? 2 / 63 2 / 63 5 / 63 0 / 63 0 / 63 4 / 63 6 / 63 44 / 63
  
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