1. 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; 2. 2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
Some metal oxides modified with sulfate ions form highly acidic or superacidic catalysts. SO42-/MxOy solid superacid catalysts, play a vital role in more and more fields such as organic synthesis, fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and means for strengthening environmental safeguards. This review highlights the recent development of solid superacid catalysts based on SO42-/MxOy, including synthesis method, characterization of acid sites and acid strength, and applications.
. Review of SO42-/MxOy solid superacid catalysts[J]. Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China, 2009, 3(3): 330-343.
Yanni WU, Shijun LIAO. Review of SO42-/MxOy solid superacid catalysts. Front Chem Eng Chin, 2009, 3(3): 330-343.
Zheng A, Zhang H L, Chen L, Yue Y, Ye C H, Deng F. Relationship between 1H chemical shifts of deuterated pyridinium ions and Br?nsted acid strength of solid acids. J Phys Chem B , 2007, 111: 3085-3089 doi: 10.1021/jp067340c
2
Farcasiu D, Lee K H. Isomerization of hexane by zeolite HZSM-5 the effect of cyclic hydrocarbons. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2000, 161: 213-221 doi: 10.1016/S1381-1169(00)00344-7
3
Chaabene S B, Bergaoui L, Ghorbel A, Lambert J F, Grange P. In situ preparation of zirconium sulfate pillared clay: study of acidic properties. Appl Catal A , 2004, 268: 25-31 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.03.015
4
Kim S Y, James G, Goodwin Jr, Dan Farcasiu. The effects of reaction conditions and catalyst deactivation on the mechanism of n-butane isomerization on sulfated zirconia. Appl Catal A , 2001, 207: 281-286 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00678-5
5
David J Z, Alerasool S, Doolin P K. Characterization of catalytically active sulfated zirconia. Catal Today , 1999, 53: 419-432 doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00137-6
6
Samantaray S K, Parida K. Review: effect of anions on the textural and catalytic activity of titania-silica mixed oxide. J Mater Sci , 2004, 39: 3549-3562 doi: 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000030706.75013.3b
7
Salas P, Hernandez J G, Montoya J A. Effect of tin content on silica mixed oxides: sulfated and unsulfated catalysts. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 1997, 123: 149-154 doi: 10.1016/S1381-1169(97)00054-X
8
Sohn J R, Lee S H, Lim J S. New solid superacid catalyst prepared by doping ZrO2 with Ce and modifying with sulfate and its catalytic activity for acid catalysis. Catal Today , 2006, 116: 143-150 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.01.023
9
Yadav G D, Pathre G S. Novel mesoporous solid superacids for selective C-alkylation of m-cresol with tert-butanol. Microporous Mesoporous Mater , 2006, 89: 16-24 doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.07.047
10
Yadav G D, George G. Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with propionic anhydride over mesoporous superacid catalyst UDCaT-5. Microporous Mesoporous Mater , 2006, 96: 36-43 doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.05.031
11
Yadav G D, Pimparkar K P. Insight into Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene to 2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone catalysed by solid acids—mechanism, kinetics and remedies for deactivation. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2007, 264: 179-191 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.07.075
12
Sohn J R, Dong C, Shin D C. Environmentally friendly solid acid catalyst prepared by modifying TiO2 with cerium sulfate for the removal of volatile organic chemicals. Appl Catal B , 2008, 77: 386-394 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.08.015
13
Sohn J R, Lee S H, Lim J S. New solid superacid catalyst prepared by doping ZrO2 with Ce and modifying with sulfate and its catalytic activity for acid catalysis. Catal Today , 2006, 116: 143-150 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.01.023
14
Zhou D Q, Yang J H, Dong G M, Huang M Y, Jiang Y Y. Solid superacid, silica-supported polytrifluoromethanesulfosiloxane catalyzed Friedel-Crafts benzylation of benzene and substituted benzenes. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2000, 159: 85-87 doi: 10.1016/S1381-1169(00)00174-6
15
Matsuhashi H, Tanaka M, Nakamura H, Arata K. Formation of acid sites in ordered pores of FSM-16 by modification with sulfated zirconia. Appl Catal A-General , 2001, 208: 1-5 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00698-0
16
Liao S J, Wang L F, Yang Z X, Yu W W, Huang Z T. Study on the superacid catalyst SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2(Ⅰ) —preparation and activity for esterification of acetic acid with butanol. J South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) , 2001, 1: 56-60 (in Chinese)
17
Sohn J R, Kim H W. Catalytic and surface properties of ZrO2 modified with sulfur compounds. J Mol Catal , 1989, 52: 361-368 doi: 10.1016/0304-5102(89)85045-X
18
Wang J, Yang P P, Fan M Q, Yu W, Jing X Y, Zhang M L, Duan X. Preparation and characterization of novel magnetic ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 solid superacid. Mater Lett , 2007, 61: 2235-2238 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.054
19
Wu Y N, Guo H F, Cui X L. Study on the conditions of preparation of S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2 like solid super acid catalysts. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Neimongol , 2006, 1: 117-120 (in Chinese)
20
Guizard C G, Julbe A C, Ayral A. Design of nanosized structures in sol-gel derived porous solids. Applications in catalyst and inorganic membrane preparation. J Mater Chem , 1999, 9: 55-65 doi: 10.1039/a805867i
21
Guevara-Franco M L, Robles-Andrades, García-Alamillaa R, Sandoval-Robles G, Domínguez-Esquivel J M. Study of n-hexane isomerization on mixed Al2O3-ZrO2/SO42- catalysts. Catal Today , 2001, 65: 137-141 doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00595-2
22
Zhao Q R, Wu C H, Bi Y M, Jiang J, Shi R, Qin H Y. Study on the synthesis of terpinyl acetate catalyzed by SO42-/SnO2-TiO2 solid superacid. J Chem Res Appl , 2006, 5: 510-514
23
Guo H F, Zhu Z F, Yan P, Wu Y N, Li S M, Wang L Y. Synthesis of terpinyl acetate over SO42-/SnO2-CeO2 solid superacid catalyst. Pet Technol , 2007, 6: 565-569 (in Chinese)
24
Guo H F, Wang Z Z, Yang J C, Cui X L, Li X, Wu Y N. Characterization of SO42-/SnO2-SiO2 solid superacid prepared by double hydrolyzation. Journal of Chemical World , 2007, 6: 324-326, 344 (in Chinese)
25
Xu J H, Li X C, Li P, Cao X H. SO42-/ZrO2 Solid acid catalyst prepared by hydrothermal method and its application in the synthesis of N-butyl acetate. Journal of Nanchang University (Engineering & Technology) , 2007, 2: 106-109 (in Chinese)
26
Wan Y, Ma J X, Zhou W, Zhu Y J, Song X Y, Lia H X. Preparation of titania-zirconia composite aerogel material by sol-gel combined with supercritical fluid drying. Appl Catal A-General , 2004, 277: 55-59 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.022
27
Debra J M, Ronald A K. Tailoring the pore size of mesoporous sulfated zirconia. Microporous Mesoporous Mater , 2000, 37: 281-289 doi: 10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00271-1
28
Risch M, Wolf E E. Effect of the preparation of a mesoporous sulfated zirconia catalyst in n-butane isomerization activity. Appl Catal A, General , 2001, 206: 283-293 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00607-4
29
Hino M, Arata K. One-step preparation of manganese-, iron-, and aluminum-promoted sulfated zirconias for reaction of butane to isobutane. React Kinet Catal Lett , 2004, 81: 321-326 doi: 10.1023/B:REAC.0000019439.37417.ab
30
Yang S J, Guo H F, Yan P, Wu Y N. Characterization of solid super acid Zr(SO4)2–/TiO2. Journal of Zhao Qing University , 2006, 27: 39-42 (in Chinese)
31
Solinas V, Ferino I. Microcalorimetric characterisation of acid ± basic catalysts. Catal Today , 1998, 41: 179-189 doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00048-0
32
Spiewak B E, Dumesic J A. Microcalorimetric measurements of differential heats of adsorption on reactive catalyst surfaces. Thermochim Acta , 1996, 290: 43-53 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6031(96)03056-0
33
Brian E S, James A D. Applications of adsorption microcalorimetry for the characterization of metal-based catalysts. Thermochim Acta , 1998, 312: 95-104 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00443-7
34
Auroux A, Datka J. Microcalorimetric and IR spectroscopic studies of pyridine sorption in NaH-mordenites. Appl Catal A, General , 1997, 165: 473-479 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(97)00229-9
35
Yeoh F Y, Matsumoto A, Iwase Y, Baba T. Characterization of acidic property of sulfo-group functionalized microporous and mesoporous silica by adsorption microcalorimetry. Catal Today , 2008, 132: 46-51 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.12.027
36
Morterra C, Magnacca G. A case study: surface chemistry and surface structure of catalytic aluminas, as studied by vibrational spectroscopy of adsorbed species. Catal Today , 1996, 27: 497-532 doi: 10.1016/0920-5861(95)00163-8
37
Shimizu K, Sunagawa T, Vera C R, Ukegawa K. Catalytic activity for synthesis of isomerized products from benzene over platinum-supported sulfated zirconia. Appl Catal A, General , 2001, 206: 79-86 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00593-7
38
Wang X C, Yu J C, Liu P, Wang X X, Su W Y, Fu X Z. Probing of photocatalytic surface sites on SO42-/TiO2 solid acids by in situ FTIR spectroscopy and pyridine adsorption. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem , 2006, 179: 339-347 doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.09.007
39
Wu Y N, Guo H F, Cui X L. Studies of solid super acid catalyst S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2 characterization of acidity. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Neimongo , 2005, 36: 265-269 (in Chinese)
40
Chen W H, Ko H H, Sakthivel A, Huang S J, Liu S H, Lo A Y, Tsai T C, Liu S B. A solid-state NMR, FTIR and TPD study on acid properties of sulfated and metal-promoted zirconia: Influence of promoter and sulfation treatment. Catal Today , 2006, 116: 111-120 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.01.025
41
Jin T, Yamaguchi T, Tanabe K. Mechanism of acidity generation on sulfur-promoted metal oxides. J Phys Chem , 1986, 90: 4194-4196 doi: 10.1021/j100411a017
42
Matsuhashi H, Arata K. Temperature programmed desorption of argon for evaluation of surface acidity of solid superacids. Chem Commun , 2000, 5: 387-388 doi: 10.1039/a909844e
43
Matsuhashi H, Sato D, Arata K. Influence of calcination temperature on the surface acidity of the solid superacid of sulfated alumina. React Kinet Catal Lett , 2004, 81: 183-188 doi: 10.1023/B:REAC.0000016533.17161.ac
44
Matsuhashi H, Tanaka T, Arata K. Measurement of heat of argon adsorption for the evaluation of relative acid strength of some sulfated metal oxides and H-type zeolites. J Phys Chem B , 2001, 105: 9669-9671 doi: 10.1021/jp0118017
45
Arata K, Matsuhashi H, Hino M, Nakamura H. Synthesis of solid superacids and their activities for reactions of alkanes. Catal Today , 2003, 81: 17-30 doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(03)00098-1
46
Matsuhashi H, Arata K. Measurement of the relative acid strength and acid amount of solid acids by argon adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys , 2004, 6: 2529-2533 doi: 10.1039/b316990a
47
Matsuhashi H, Futamura A. Determination of relative acid strength and acid amount of solid acids by Ar adsorption. Catal Today , 2006, 111: 338-342 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.045
48
Katada N, Endo J, Notsu K, Yasunobu N, Naito N, Niwa M. Superacidity and catalytic activity of sulfated zirconia. J Phys Chem B , 2000, 104: 10321-10328 doi: 10.1021/jp002212o
49
Sohn J R, Lim J S. Catalytic properties of NiSO4/ZrO2 promoted with Fe2O3 for acid catalysis. Mater Res Bull , 2006, 41: 1225-1241 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.01.010
50
Lu G Z. Catalytic properties of SO42-/Ti-M-O superacids in esterification. Appl Catal A: General , 1995, 133: 11-18 doi: 10.1016/0926-860X(95)00170-0
51
Furuta S, Matsuhashi H, Arata K. Catalytic action of sulfated tin oxide for etherification and esterification in comparison with sulfated zirconia. Appl Catal A: General , 2004, 269: 187-191 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.04.017
52
Hua W M, Miao C X, Chen J M, Gao Z. Temperature-programmed desorption of pyridine on solid superacids. Mater Chem Phys , 1996, 45: 220-222 doi: 10.1016/0254-0584(95)01730-5
53
Umansky B S, Hall W K. A spectrophotometric study of the acidity of some solid acids. J Catal , 1990, 124: 97-108 doi: 10.1016/0021-9517(90)90106-T
54
Morterra C, Cerrato G, Pinna F, Signoretto M. Crystal phase, spectral features, and catalytic activity of sulfate-doped zirconia systems. J Catal , 1995, 157: 109-123 doi: 10.1006/jcat.1995.1272
55
Hino M, Arata K. Superacids by metal oxides, IX. Catalysis of WO3/ZrO2 mechanically mixed with Pt/ZrO2 for reaction of butane to isobutane. Appl Catal A: General , 1998, 169: 151-155 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00012-X
56
Lei T, Xu J S, Hua W M, Tang Y, Gao Z. High-activity catalyst of SO42-/ZrO2 supported on-Al2O3 for n-butane isomerization. Catal Lett , 1999, 61: 213-218 doi: 10.1023/A:1019057929918
57
Gao Z, Chen J M, Hua W M, Tang Y. Characterization of solid superacidity the isomerization of butane. Stud Surf Sci Catal , 1994, 90: 507
58
Wu Y N, Guo H F, Cui X L. Preparation and catalytic activity of rare earth solid super acid catalyst S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2-Sm2O3. J Chin Rare Earths , 2006, 27: 8-11 (in Chinese)
59
Sahebdelfara S, Kazemeinia M, Khorasheha F, Badakhshanb A. Deactivation behavior of the catalyst in solid acid catalyzed alkylation: effect of pore mouth plugging. Chem Eng Sci , 2002, 57: 3611-3620 . doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00246-4
60
Corma A. Solid acid catalysts. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science . 1997, 2(1), 63-75 doi: 10.1016/S1359-0286(97)80107-6
61
Subramaniam B, Arunajatesan V, Lyon C J. Coking of solid acid catalysts and strategies for enhancing their activity. Stud Surf Sci Catal , 1999, 126: 63-77 doi: 10.1016/S0167-2991(99)80452-2
62
Ganapati D. Yadav, Omprakash V B. Selective acylation of 1,3-dibenzyloxybenzene to 3,5-dibenzyloxyacetophenone over cesium modified dodecatungstophosphoric acid (DTP) on clay. Appl Catal, A: General , 2008, 348: 16-25 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2008.05.026
63
Cao C J, Liu X G, Liu Q. Preparation of aluminum and gallium promoted SO42-/ZrO2 and its catalytic activity for esterification. Chin J Appl Chem Ind , 2007, 36: 11-14 (in Chinese)
64
Li B, Gonzalez R D. TGA/FT-IR studies of the deactivation of sulfated zirconia catalysts. Appl Catal A , 1997, 165: 291-300 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(97)00209-3
65
Ganapati D Y, Ketan P P. Insight into Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene to 2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone catalysed by solid acids—mechanism, kinetics and remedies for deactivation. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2007, 264: 179-191 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.07.075
66
Risch M, Wolf E E. n-Butane and n-pentane isomerization over mesoporous and conventional sulfated zirconia catalysts. Catal Today , 2000, 62: 255-268 doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00427-2
67
Risch M, Wolf E E. Effect of the preparation of a mesoporous sulfated zirconia catalyst in n-butane isomerization activity. Appl Catal A: General , 2001, 206: 283-293 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00607-4
68
Wu Y N, Guo H F, Cui X L. Studies on deactivation and regeneration of solid super acid catalyst S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2-Sm2O3. Chin J Appl Chem Ind , 2005, 34(2): 89-91 (in Chinese)
69
Martínez F, Morales G, Martín N, Grieken R V. Perfluorinated Nafion-modified SBA-15 materials for catalytic acylation of anisole. Appl Catal A: General , 2008, 347: 169-178 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2008.06.015
70
Hino M, Arata K. Superacids by metal oxides, X: Reaction of butane catalyzed by sulfated metal oxides, zeolites, or silica aluminas mixed with Pt-ZrO2. Appl Catal A: General , 1998, 173: 121-124 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00152-5
71
Xia Y D, Hua W M, Tang Y, Gao Z. A highly active solid superacid catalyst for n-butane isomerization: persulfate modified Al2O3-ZrO2. Chem Commun , 1999, 18: 1899-1900 doi: 10.1039/a904783b
72
Lei T, Xu J S, Tang Y, Hua W M, Gao Z. New solid superacid catalysts for n-butane isomerization: γ-Al2O3 or SiO2 supported sulfated zirconia. Appl Catal A: General , 2000, 192: 181-188 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00404-4
73
Hino M, Arata K. Catalysis of ruthenium-metal oxides mechanically mixed with sulfated zirconia for reaction of butane to isobutane. React Kinet Catal Lett , 2000, 71: 71-76 doi: 10.1023/A:1010382132003
74
Xia Q H, K. Hidajat K, Kawi S. Synthesis of SO42-/ZrO2/MCM-41 as a new superacid catalyst. Chem Commun , 2000, 22: 2229-2230 doi: 10.1039/b006051h
75
Wang W, Chen C L, Xu N P, Han S, Li T, Cheng S, Mou C Y. Well-dispersed gallium-promoted sulfated zirconia on mesoporous MCM-41 silica. Catal Letters , 2002, 83: 281-285 . doi: 10.1023/A:1021002518066
76
Sugi Y, Maekawa H, Hasegawa Y, Ito A, Asai R, Yamamoto D, Komura K, Kubota Y, Kim J H, Seo G. The alkylation of biphenyl over three-dimensional large pore zeolites: the influence of zeolite structure and alkylating agent on the selectivity for 4,4'-dialkylbiphenyl. Catal Today , 2008, 131: 413-422 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.060
77
Bokade V V, Yadav G D. Heteropolyacid supported on acidic clay: a novel efficient catalyst for alkylation of ethylbenzene with dilute ethanol to diethylbenzene in presence of C8 aromatics. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2008, 285: 155-161 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.11.018
78
Ojha K, Pradhan N C, Samanta A N. Kinetics of batch alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol over a catalyst synthesized from coal fly ash. Chem Eng J , 2005, 112: 109-115 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2005.07.003
79
Satoh K, Matsuhashi H, Arata K. Alkylation to form trimethylpentanes from isobutane and 1-butene catalyzed by solid superacids of sulfated metal oxides. Appl Catal A: General , 1999, 189: 35-43 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00244-6
80
Yadav G D, Pathre G S. Chemoselective catalysis by sulphated zirconia in O-alkylation of guaiacol with cyclohexene. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2006, 243: 77-84 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2005.08.024
81
Yadav G D, Murkute A D. Preparation of the novel mesoporous solid acid catalyst UDCaT-4 via synergism of persulfated alumina and zirconia into hexagonal mesoporous silica for alkylation reactions. Adv Synth Catal , 2004, 346: 389-394 doi: 10.1002/adsc.200303212
82
Wang Z C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the products of alkylation of benzene with benzylchloride catalyzed by SO42-/ZrO2 solid superacid. Chin J Anal Chem , 34: 219-222 (in Chinese)
83
Qiang Z, Jiao Q Z, Min E Z. Iso-butane/1-butene alkylation reaction and deactivation of superacid (SO42-/ZrO2) catalysts. Chem J Chin Universities , 2005, 26: 1130-1132 (in Chinese)
84
Shibata T, Suzuki S, Kawagoe H, Komura K, Kubota Y, Sugi Y, Kim J H, Seo G. Synthetic investigation on MCM-68 zeolite with MSE topology and its application for shape-selective alkylation of biphenyl. Microporous Mesoporous Mater , 2008, 116: 216-226 doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.04.006
85
Sad M E, PadróC L, Apesteguía C R. Synthesis of cresols by alkylation of phenol with methanol on solid acids. Catal Today , 2008, 133-135: 720-728 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.12.074
86
Jiang Y X, Chen X M, MoY F, TongZ F. Preparation and properties of Al-PILC supported SO42-/ZrO2 superacid catalyst. J Mol Catal A: Chem, 2004,. Mater Lett , 2003, 213: 231-234 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2003.12.014
87
Yang H, Lu R, Shen L C, Song L Z, Zhao J Z, Wang Z, Wang L. Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity of sulfated zirconia-silica nanocrystalline catalysts. Mater Lett , 2003, 57: 2572-2579 doi: 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)01313-7
88
Yang H, Lu R, Zhao J Z, Yang X W, Shen L C, Wang Z C. Sulfated binary oxide solid superacids. Mater Chem Phys , 2003, 80: 68-72 doi: 10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00162-1
89
BiróK, Békássy S, ágai B, Figueras F. Heterogeneous catalysis for the acetylation of benzo crown ethers. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2000, 151: 179-184 doi: 10.1016/S1381-1169(99)00238-1
90
Arata K, Nakamura H, Shouji M. Friedel-Crafts acylation of toluene catalyzed by solid superacids. Appl Cata A: General , 2000, 197: 213-219 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00484-6
91
Reddy B M, Sreekanth P M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi T. Surface characterization and catalytic activity of sulfate-, molybdate- and tungstate-promoted Al2O3-ZrO2 solid acid catalysts. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2005, 227: 81-89 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.10.011
92
Reddy B M, Sreekanth P M, Reddy V R. Modified zirconia solid acid catalysts for organic synthesis and transformations. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2005, 225: 71-78 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.09.003
93
Sohn J R, Kwon T D, Kim S B. Characterization and acid catalytic properties of titanium sulfate supported on zirconia. J Ind Eng Chem , 2001, 7: 441-448
94
Matsuhashi H, Miyazaki H, Kawamura Y, Nakamura H, Arata K. Preparation of a solid superacid of sulfated tin oxide with acidity higher than that of sulfated zirconia and its applications to aldol condensation and benzoylation. Chem Mater , 2001, 13: 3038-3042 doi: 10.1021/cm0104553
95
Reddy B M, Sreekanth P M. An efficient synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives catalyzed by a solid superacid sulfated zirconia. Tetrahedron Lett , 2003, 44: 4447-4449 doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(03)01034-7
96
Nakajima A, Obata H, Kameshima Y, Okada K. Photocatalytic destruction of gaseous toluene by sulfated TiO2 powder. Catal Commun , 2005, 6: 716-720 doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2005.07.006
97
Muggli D S, Ding L F. Photocatalytic performance of sulfated TiO2 and Degussa P-25 TiO2 during oxidation of organics. Appl Catal B: Environ , 2001, 32: 181-194 doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00137-0
98
Colón G, Hidalgo M C, Munuera G, Ferino I, Cutrufello M G, Navío J A. Structural and surface approach to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of sulfated TiO2 photocatalyst. Appl Catal B: Environ , 2006, 63: 45-59 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.09.008
99
Wang J, Wen X G, Wang M Q, Jiang P. Experimental research on photocatalytic degradation of dyestuff by SO42-/TiO2 solid superacid. Chin J Appl Chem Ind , 2007, 36: 537-539, 541
100
Brei V V, Prudius S V, Melezhyk O V. Vapour-phase nitration of benzene over superacid WO3/ZrO2 catalysts. Appl Catal A: General , 2003, 239: 11-16 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00383-6
101
Li W S, Shen Z Q, Zhang Y F. Activity and mechanism of rare earth solid superacid for initiating ring-opening polymerization of cholomethyl thiirane. Eur Polym J , 2001, 37: 1185-1190 doi: 10.1016/S0014-3057(00)00249-4
102
Khomenko T M, Korchagina D V, Barkhash V A. Rearrangements of epoxides of some acyclic terpenoids in acidic media. Russ J Org Chem , 2001, 37: 793-801 doi: 10.1023/A:1012449228670
103
Hua W M, Gao Z. Low-temperature catalytic combustion on Pt/SO42-/ZrO2 and Pd/SO42-/ZrO2 catalysts. Catal Lett , 1996, 42: 209-212 doi: 10.1007/BF00810690
104
Hua W M, Gao Z. Catalytic combustion of n-pentane on Pt supported on solid superacids. Appl Catal B: Environ , 1998, 17: 37-42 doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00100-8
105
Browna A S C, Hargreaves J S J, Taylor S H. The application of “superacidic” metal oxides and their platinum doped counterparts to methane combustion. Catal Today , 2000, 59: 403-409 doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00305-9
106
Zhu Z G, Wang B, Ma H Zh. Preparation of SO42-/Fe2O3-MoO3 and its catalytic activity in the electrolytic reaction of phenol with methanol. J Chem Technol Biotechnol , 2008, 83:878-885 doi: 10.1002/jctb.1883
107
Ma H Z, Chen F T, Wang B, Zhuo Q F. Modified SO42-/Fe2O3 solid superacid catalysts for electrochemical reaction of toluene with methanol. J Hazard Mater , 2007, 145: 453-458 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.037
108
Chen F T, Ma H Z, Wang B. Cobalt modified solid superacid assisted electrochemical reaction of toluene with methanol. J Hazard Mater , 2007, 147: 964-970 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.127
109
Wang Z C, Shui H F, Zhang D X, Gao J S. A comparison of FeS, FeS+S and solid superacid catalytic properties for coal hydro-liquefaction. Fuel , 2007, 86: 835-842 doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.09.018
110
Yin H L, Tan Z Y, Liao Y T, Feng Y J. Short communication application of SO42-/TiO2 solid superacid in decontaminating radioactive pollutants. J Environ Radioact , 2006, 87: 227-235 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.11.009
111
Yu Zhang, Zhang H M, Zhai Y F, Zhu X B, Bi C. Investigation of self-humidifying membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid with sulfated zirconia supported Pt catalyst for fuel cell applications. J Power Sources , 2007, 168: 323-329 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.007
112
Zhang Y, Zhang H M, Zhu X B, Bi C. Promotion of PEM self-humidifying effect by nanometer-sized sulfated zirconia-supported Pt catalyst hybrid with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). J Phys Chem B , 2007, 111: 6391-6399 doi: 10.1021/jp071805x
113
Reddy B M, Sreekanth P M, Lakshmanan P. Sulfated zirconia as an efficient catalyst for organic synthesis and transformation reactions. J Mol Catal A: Chem , 2005, 237: 93-100 doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2005.04.039
114
Hua W M, Goeppert A, Sommer J. Methane activation in the presence of Al2O3-promoted sulfated zirconia. Appl Catal A: General , 2001, 219: 201-207 doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00686-X
115
Wang B, Zhu J P, Ma H Z. Desulfurization from thiophene by SO42-/ZrO2 catalytic oxidation at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. J Hazard Mater , 2009,164: 256-264 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.003