Efficient elimination of environmental pollutants through sorption-reduction and photocatalytic degradation using nanomaterials
Njud S. Alharbi1, Baowei Hu2(), Tasawar Hayat1,3, Samar Omar Rabah1, Ahmed Alsaedi1, Li Zhuang4, Xiangke Wang1,5()
1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia 2. School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China 3. Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan 4. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China 5. State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
With the rapid development of industrial, large amounts of different inorganic and organic pollutants are released into the natural environments. The efficient elimination of environmental pollutants, i.e., photocatalytic degradation of persistent organic pollutants into nontoxic organic/inorganic chemicals, in-situ solidification or sorption-reduction of heavy metal ions, is crucial to protect the environment. Nanomaterials with large surface area, active sites and abundant functional groups could form strong surface complexes with different kinds of pollutants and thereby could efficiently eliminate the pollutants from the aqueous solutions. In this review, we mainly focused on the recent works about the synthesis of nanomaterials and their applications in the efficient elimination of different organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater and discussed the interaction mechanism from batch experimental results, the advanced spectroscopy techniques and theoretical calculations. The adsorption and the photocatalytic reduction of organic pollutants and the sorption/reduction of heavy metal ions are generally considered as the main methods to decrease the concentration of pollutants in the natural environment. This review highlights a new way for the real applications of novel nanomaterials in environmental pollution management, especially for the undergraduate students to understand the recent works in the elimination of different kinds of inorganic and organic chemicals in the natural environmental pollution management.
. [J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2020, 14(6): 1124-1135.
Njud S. Alharbi, Baowei Hu, Tasawar Hayat, Samar Omar Rabah, Ahmed Alsaedi, Li Zhuang, Xiangke Wang. Efficient elimination of environmental pollutants through sorption-reduction and photocatalytic degradation using nanomaterials. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 1124-1135.
Easy operation in large scale for separation of metal ions and organic pollutants
Difficult for separation from solutions
Photocatalytic degradation
For the degradation of organic pollutants at low concentration
Difficult for the elimination of metal ions
Precipitation
Different kinds of metal ions could be precipitated simultaneously
The solution pH should be adjusted for precipitation
(Electro)coagulation
Different kinds of pollutants could be coagulated together in the coagulation process
Need further separation of the coagulates and parts of pollutants could still present in solution
(Ultra)filtration
Different kinds of pollutants could be separated through the control of filter size
Can not be used in large scale and high cost
Extraction
Pollutants could be selectively extracted through the addition of special extraction agent
Need special extraction agents which are pollutants themselves and need further treatment
Reduction/oxidation
High valent metal ions could be reduced to low valent and in-situ solidified
Only suitable for organic pollutants and metal ion with different valent
Biological degradation
Environmentally friendly methods for the preconcentration of metal ions and degradation of organic pollutants
Need long time for the treatment process and strict condition for microorganism
Membrane separation
Easy operation in the separation of pollutants from one solution to another solution
Is not in large scale and high cost
Tab.1
Nanomaterials
Advantages
Disadvantages
GO
High sorption capacity; easy surface modification; sufficient functional groups; large surface area; easy modification
Difficult for separation from solutions; high cost in synthesis; poor selectivity; difficult for synthesis in large scale
CNTs
Easy synthesis; high external surface area; high stability in vigorous low or high pH conditions
Relatively high cost in synthesis; low selectivity in sorption; low sorption capacity
COFs
High sorption capacity; high chemical and thermal stability; easy modification with functional groups
High cost for synthesis; difficult for separation; difficult to control the structure and layer stacking
MOFs
Easy synthesis in large scale; easy modification with functional groups; high specific surface area; easy to adjust the pore size
High cost in synthesis; low hydrolytic stability; difficult to be separated from solutions
C3N4
Easy synthesis; easy doping to improve the photocatalytic property
Low sorption capacity for metal ions; high photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
MXenes
Enough sorption sites; high ion exchangeable ability with metal ions; easy controllable layered structure
High cost in the synthesis; poor selectivity; collapse at high temperature
Tab.2
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
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