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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

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Front Chem Sci Eng    2011, Vol. 5 Issue (2) : 173-178    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-010-0562-1
REVIEW ARTICLE
Carbon dioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aim of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Maryam Takht Ravanchi(), Saeed Sahebdelfar, Farnaz Tahriri Zangeneh
Catalyst Research Group, Petrochemical Research and Technology Company, National Petrochemical Company, Tehran 14358-84711, Iran
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Abstract

The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to acceptable levels is arguably the greatest environmental challenge these days. Vast utilization of fossil fuels and forest destruction are main causes of CO2 increase in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide sequestration that consists of separation, transportation and utilization or storage of CO2, is one way for reduction of its emission, in which the most costly section is separation. Different methods can be used for carbon dioxide separation such as absorption, membrane separation, adsorption and cryogenic distillation. Economic, technical and environmental issues should be considered in selection of the technology for particular application. Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, pressure and flow rate are influential operating parameters in the selection of the appropriate separation method. Nowadays, absorption is the worldwide industrial separation method. New researches are focused on developing new stable solvents and efficient column configuration with suitable internals to minimize pressure drop. Membrane separation and adsorption (PSA type) are other long-term alternatives that can increase separation efficiency and decrease separation cost. The level of energy consumption in various separation methods are in the order: chemical absorption>physical absorption>membrane separation. Because of high investment costs, current separation technologies are suitable for large concentrated sources. In the present paper, different processes for carbon dioxide separation are investigated and compared. Available technologies and commercial plants for CO2 sequestration are provided.
Keywords carbon dioxide      greenhouse effect      separation      membrane      absorption      adsorption     
Corresponding Author(s): Takht Ravanchi Maryam,Email:m.ravanchi@npc-rt.ir, ravanchi@yahoo.com   
Issue Date: 05 June 2011
 Cite this article:   
Maryam Takht Ravanchi,Saeed Sahebdelfar,Farnaz Tahriri Zangeneh. Carbon dioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aim of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Front Chem Sci Eng, 2011, 5(2): 173-178.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-010-0562-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2011/V5/I2/173
Fig.1  CO capture systems []
Fig.2  CO separation cost in different industrial units []
technologysystem requirementsadvantagesdisadvantages
chemical absorption- absorption and stripping section- suitable for lean streams of CO2 such as exhaust gases- high energy requirement for solvent recovery
- operating at normal temperature and pressure
- solvent- commercial technology- high solvent loss in case of presence of impurities in feed
physical absorption- absorption and stripping section- less energy requirement- need high operating pressure
- solvent- less sensitivity of solvent to feed impurities- better efficiency for gases with high concentration of CO2
adsorption- bed(s) of adsorbent- well recovery of CO2- need very high operating pressure
membrane- membrane filter(s)- economy of scale and space requirement- need very high operating pressure
- need to recycle streams
- very costly process
Tab.1  A comparison between different separation methods
processMEA processK2CO3 processMEA processK2CO3 process
CO2 sourcepower plant flue gaspower plant flue gasNH3 syngasNH3 syngas
feed CO2 concentration/vol-%8.58.512.112.1
absorber feed temperature/°F110110150265
absorber feed pressure/psia15.815.8395394
absorber feed partial pressure/psia1.471.4769.963.4
product CO2 pressure/psia26212220
absorber solvent30 wt-% MEA in H2O25 wt-% K2CO3 equivalent35 wt-% MEA in H2O30 wt-% K2CO3 equivalent
capital investment/($ million)
battery limits16.224.915.911.3
off-sites14.012.96.14.6
total fixed capital30.237.822.015.9
CO2 regenerator thermal energy/[Btu/(lb·mol)]71900753004570035300
product value/(￠·lb-1)2.512.921.281.01
Tab.2  Comparison of carbon dioxide separation costs []
locationcapacityfeedstockCO2 usereference
China53000 tones/yearNH3 plant reformer exhausturea

http://web.mit.edu/energylab/www/hjherzog

India49500 tones/yearNH3 plant reformer exhausturea

http://web.mit.edu/energylab/www/hjherzog

Brazil29700 tones/yeargas boilerfood-grade CO2

http://web.mit.edu/energylab/www/hjherzog

Algeria1 million tones/yearnatural gas sweeteningEOR (enhanced oil recovery)[7]
North sea1million tones/yearnatural gas sweeteningEOR[7]
France75000 tones/yearheavy oilonshore sequestration in depleted natural gas field

http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html

Western Norway1.2 million tones/yearnatural gassequestration in seabed and/or EOR

http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html

Norway2.5 million tones/yearnatural gassequestration

http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html

California4-5 million tones/yearpetcoke to hydrogenEOR

http://sequestration.mit.edu/index.html
Tab.3  A list of commercial CO capture plants
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