Microwave assisted synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) grafted agar (Ag-g-P(HEMA)) and its application as a flocculant for wastewater treatment

doi:10.1007/s11705-013-1344-3

Front Chem Sci Eng

2013, Vol. 7

Issue (3) : 312-321 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-013-1344-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Microwave assisted synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) grafted agar (Ag-g-P(HEMA)) and its application as a flocculant for wastewater treatment

Gautam SEN, G. Usha RANI(

), Sumit MISHRA

Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835 215, India

Download: PDF(422 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) chains were grafted onto the backbone of agar using a microwave assisted method involving a combination of microwave irradiation and ceric ammonium nitrate to initiate the grafting reaction. The synthesized graft copolymers were characterized by intrinsic viscosity measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis (C, H, N, O and S) and scanning electron microscopy. Ag-g-P(HEMA)-2 showed a much higher flocculation efficacy than agar. The optimized dosage of flocculation for Ag-g-P(HEMA)-2 in the wastewater was found to be 0.75 ppm. Compared to agar, Ag-g-P(HEMA)-2 was found to considerably reduce the pollutant load in the wastewater.

Keywords agar flocculant microwave assisted synthesis jar test protocol poly(HEMA) grafted agar wastewater treatment

Corresponding Author(s): RANI G. Usha,Email:ushaindian@yahoo.com

Issue Date: 05 September 2013

Cite this article:

Gautam SEN,G. Usha RANI,Sumit MISHRA. Microwave assisted synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) grafted agar (Ag-g-P(HEMA)) and its application as a flocculant for wastewater treatment[J]. Front Chem Sci Eng, 2013, 7(3): 312-321.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-013-1344-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2013/V7/I3/312

Fig.1 Chemical structure of agar repeating unit (≈ 390)

Tab.1 Synthesis details of different grades of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) grafted agar (Ag-g-P(HEMA)

Fig.2 Schematic representation of the mechanism for the ‘microwave assisted’ synthesis of Ag-g-P(HEMA)

Fig.3 Correlation between percent grafting of Ag-g-P(HEMA) and intrinsic viscosity
Fit data = +, where = offset, = amplitude, = time constant

Tab.2 Elemental analysis

Fig.4 FTIR spectra of (a) Agar and (b) Ag-g-P(HEMA)-2

Tab.3 Significant FTIR stretching peaks (in cm)

Fig.5 SEM micrographs of (a) agar and (b) Ag-g-P(HEMA)-2

Fig.6 Flocculation characteristics of Agar and the synthesized grades of Ag-g-P(HEMA) in a 0.25% kaolin suspension

Tab.4 Correlation between percent grafting, intrinsic viscosity and flocculation efficacy for the microwave assisted synthesized Ag-g-P(HEMA) grades

Fig.7 Flocculation characteristics of the agar and of the best grade of Ag-g-P(HEMA) in wastewater

Tab.5 Comparative study of the performance of the best grade of Ag-g-P(HEMA) for the treatment of municipal wastewater

1	Wuttisela K, Panijpan B, Triampo W, Triampo D. Optimization of the water absorption by crosslinked agar-g-poly(acrylic acid). Polymer (Korea) , 2008, 32(6): 537–543
2	Labropoulos K C, Niesz D E, Danforth S C, Kevrekidis P G. Dynamic rheology of agar gels: Theory and experiments. Part I: Development of a rheological model. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2002, 50(4): 393–406 doi: 10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00084-X
3	Armisen R, Galatas F. Properties and uses of agar, production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds (Ch. 1). Fisheries and Aquaculture Organization , 1987, 288: 1–57
4	Odian G. Principles of polymerization (3^rd edition). New York: John wiley & sons, 1991, 2: 17–19
5	Gowariker V R, Viswanathan N V, Sreedhar J. Polymer Science. New Delhi: New age International (p) Ltd, 1986, 91–92
6	Bhattacharya A, Rawlins J W, Ray P, eds. Polymer grafting and crosslinking. New Jersey: John wiley & sons, 2008, 1–329
7	Da Silva D A, de Paula R C M, Feitosa J P A. Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto cashew gum. European Polymer Journal , 2007, 43(6): 2620–2629 doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.03.041
8	Mostafa K A. Graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto starch using potassium permanganate acid (redox system). Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 1995, 56(2): 263–269 doi: 10.1002/app.1995.070560217
9	Rani U G, Mishra S, Sen G, Jha U. Polyacrylamide grafted agar: Synthesis and applications of conventional and microwave assisted technique. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2012, 90(2): 784–791 doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.069
10	Bharti S, Mishra S, Sen G. Ceric ion initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted oatmeal: Its application as flocculant for waste water treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2013, 93(2): 528–536 doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.072
11	Gupta K C, Sahoo S. Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile and ethylmethacrylate comonomers on cellulose using ceric ions. Biomacromolecules , 2001, 2(1): 239–247 doi: 10.1021/bm000102h
12	Sen G, Pal S. Polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethyltamarind (CMT-g-PAM): Development and application of a novel polymeric flocculant. Macromolecular Symposia , 2009, 277(1): 100–111 doi: 10.1002/masy.200950313
13	Huang R Y M, Immergut B, Immergu E H, Rapson W H. Grafting vinyl polymers onto cellulose by high energy radiation. I. High energy radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto cellulose. Journal of Polymer Science: Part A, General Papers , 2003, 1(4): 1257–1270 doi: 10.1002/pol.1963.100010416
14	Hebeish A, Mehta P C. Grafting of acrylonitrile to different cellulosic materials by high-energy radiation. Textile Research Journal , 1968, 38(10): 1070–1071 doi: 10.1177/004051756803801017
15	Geresh S, Gdalevsky G Y, Gilboa I, Voorspoels J, Remon J P, Kost J. Bioadhesive grafted cellulose copolymers as platforms for per oral drug delivery: A study of theophylline release. Journal of Controlled Release , 2004, 94(2-3): 391–399 doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.10.019
16	Shiraishi N, Williams J L, Stannett V. The radiation grafting of vinyl monomers to cotton fabrics. I. Methacrylic acid to terry cloth towelling. Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 1982, 19: 73–78
17	Sharma R K, Misra B N. Grafting onto wool. Polymer Bulletin , 1981, 6(3-4): 183–188 doi: 10.1007/BF00956286
18	Carenza M. Recent achievements in the use of radiation polymerization and grafting for biomedical applications. Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 1992, 39: 485–493
19	Wang J P, Chen Y Z, Zhang S J, Yu H Q. A chitosan-based flocculant prepared with gamma-irradiation-induced grafting. Bioresource Technology , 2008, 99(9): 3397–3402 doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.014
20	Barsbay M, Guven O, Davis T P, Kowollik C B, Barner L. RAFT-mediated polymerization and grafting of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate from cellulose initiated via γ-radiation. Polymer , 2009, 50(4): 973–982 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.027
21	Deng J, Wang L, Liu L, Yang W. Developments and new applications of UV-induced surface graft polymerizations. Progress in Polymer Science , 2009, 34(2): 156–193 doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.06.002
22	Wang J, Liang G, Zhao W, Lu S, Zhang Z. Studies on surface modification of UHMWPE fibers via UV initiated grafting. Applied Surface Science , 2006, 253(2): 668–673 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.12.165
23	Hua H, Li N, Wu L, Zhong H, Wu G, Yuan Z, Lin X, Tang L. Anti-fouling ultrafiltration membrane prepared from polysulfone-graft-methyl acrylate copolymers by UV-induced grafting method. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) , 2008, 20(5): 565–570 doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62095-1
24	Shanmugharaj A M, Kim J K, Ryu S H. Modification of rubber surface by UV surface grafting. Applied Surface Science , 2006, 252(16): 5714–5722 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.07.069
25	Zhu Z, Kelley M J. Grafting onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) driven by 172 nm UV light. Applied Surface Science , 2005, 252(2): 303–310 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.12.056
26	Deng J, Yang W. Grafting copolymerization of styrene and maleicanhydride binary monomer systems induced by UV irradiation. European Polymer Journal , 2005, 41(11): 2685–2692 doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.022
27	Thaker M D, Trivedi H C. Ultraviolet-radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto the sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated guar gum. Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 2005, 97(5): 1977–1986 doi: 10.1002/app.20988
28	Chen C, Li X, Li Z. Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto the UV-Ray irradiated film of polyester-polyether. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science , 1988, 6: 1
29	Mishra S, Rani G U, Sen G. Microwave initiated synthesis and application of poly acrylic acid grafted carboxymethylcellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2012, 87(3): 2255–2262 doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.057
30	Mishra S, Sen G. Microwave initiated synthesis of polymethylmethacrylate grafted guar (GG-g-PMMA), characterizations and application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2011, 48(4): 688–694 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.02.013
31	Sen G, Mishra S, Jha U, Pal S. Microwave initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted guar gum (GG-g-PAM)—characterizations and application as matrix for controlled release of 5-amino salicylic acid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2010, 47(2): 164–170 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.004
32	Sen G, Kumar R, Ghosh S, Pal S. A novel polymeric flocculant based on polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethylstarch. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2009, 77(4): 822–831 doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.007
33	Sen G, Singh R P, Sagar P. Microwave-initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted sodium alginate: Synthesis and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 2010, 115(1): 63–71 doi: 10.1002/app.30596
34	Sen G, Mishra S, Rani G U, Rani P, Prasad R. Microwave initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted Psyllium and its application as a flocculent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2012, 50(2): 369–375 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.014
35	Sen G, Pal S. Microwave initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethylstarch (CMS-g-PAM): Application as a novel matrix for sustained drug release. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2009, 45(1): 48–55 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.03.012
36	Mishra S, Sen G, Rani G U, Sinha S. Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted agar (Ag-g-PAM) and its application as flocculant for wastewater treatment. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2011, 49(4): 591–598 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.06.015
37	Mishra S, Mukul A, Sen G, Jha U. Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted starch (St-g-PAM) and its applicability as flocculant for water treatment. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2011, 48(1): 106–111 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.10.004
38	Rani P, Sen G, Mishra S, Jha U. Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted gum ghatti and its application as flocculant. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2012, 89(1): 275–281 doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.009
39	Rani P, Mishra S, Sen G. Microwave based synthesis of polymethyl methacrylate grafted alginate: Its application as flocculant. Carbohydrate Polymers , 2013, 91(2): 686–692 doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.023
40	Sen G, Sharon A, Pal S. Grafted polysaccharides: smart materials of the future, their synthesis and applications (Chapter 05). USA: Wiley-Scrivener, 2011, 99-128
41	Tripathy T, Ranjan De B. Flocculation: A new way to treat the waste water. Journal of Physiological Sciences; JPS , 2006, 10: 93–127
42	Mc Dowall D J, Gupta B S, Stannnett V T. Grafting of vinyl monomers to cellulose by ceric ion initiation. Progress in Polymer Science , 1984, 10(1): 1–50 doi: 10.1016/0079-6700(84)90005-4
43	Singh J, Yadav L D S. Organic Synthesis. A pragati Prakadshan , 2008, 1–652
44	Odian G. Principles of polymerization (4^th edition). New York: John Wiley &sons, 2004, 1-832
45	Nayak P L, Lenka S. Redox polymerization initiated by metal ions. Journal of macromolecule Science , Part C: Polymer review, 1980, 19(1): 83–134
46	Misra G S, Bajpai U D. Redox polymerization. Progress in Polymer Science , 1982, 8(1-2): 61–131 doi: 10.1016/0079-6700(82)90008-9
47	Temel O, Ismail C. Synthesis of block copolymers via redox polymerization process: A critical review. Iranian Polymer Journal , 2007, 16(8): 561–581
48	Ruehrwein R A, Ward D W. Mechanism of clay aggregation by poly electrolytes. Journal of Soil Science , 1952, 73(6): 485–492 doi: 10.1097/00010694-195206000-00007

[1]	G. Usha RANI,Kartick Prasad DEY,Srijita BHARTI,Sumit MISHRA. Controlled drug release of 5-amino salicylic acid by poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) grafted agar[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(4): 465-470.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed