High-performance supercapacitors based on Ni<sub>2</sub>P@CNT nanocomposites prepared using an ultrafast microwave approach

doi:10.1007/s11705-020-2006-x

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (4) : 1021-1032 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-020-2006-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

High-performance supercapacitors based on Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposites prepared using an ultrafast microwave approach

Yunrui Tian¹, Haishun Du², Shatila Sarwar², Wenjie Dong¹, Yayun Zheng¹, Shumin Wang¹, Qingping Guo¹, Jujie Luo¹(

), Xinyu Zhang²(

)

¹. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
². Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

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Abstract

We present a one-step route for the preparation of nickel phosphide/carbon nanotube (Ni₂P@CNT) nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications using a facile, ultrafast (90 s) microwave-based approach. Ni₂P nanoparticles could grow uniformly on the surface of CNTs under the optimized reaction conditions, namely, a feeding ratio of 30:50:25 for CNT, Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, and red phosphorus and a microwave power of 1000 W for 90 s. Our study demonstrated that the single-step microwave synthesis process for creating metal phosphide nanoparticles was faster and simpler than all the other existing methods. Electrochemical results showed that the specific capacitance of the optimal Ni₂P@CNT-nanocomposite electrode displayed a high specific capacitance of 854 F·g⁻¹ at 1 A·g⁻¹ and a superior capacitance retention of 84% after 5000 cycles at 10 A·g⁻¹. Finally, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the nanocomposite with activated carbon as one electrode (Ni₂P@CNT//AC), which showed a remarkable energy density of 33.5 W·h·kg⁻¹ and a power density of 387.5 W·kg⁻¹. This work will pave the way for the microwave synthesis of other transition metal phosphide materials for use in energy storage systems.

Keywords Ni₂P CNT supercapacitors nanocomposites microwave

Corresponding Author(s): Jujie Luo,Xinyu Zhang

Just Accepted Date: 30 October 2020 Online First Date: 15 December 2020 Issue Date: 04 June 2021

Cite this article:

Yunrui Tian,Haishun Du,Shatila Sarwar, et al. High-performance supercapacitors based on Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposites prepared using an ultrafast microwave approach[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 1021-1032.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-020-2006-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/1021

Fig.1 Scheme 1 Schematic diagram of microwave initiated Ni₂P nanosphere growth on graphite CNT.

Tab.1 Operation conditions for synthesizing Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposites

Fig.2 Chemical composition and surface elemental analysis of CNTs and Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposites: (a) XRD patterns of pure CNT and Ni₂P@CNT (sample b); (b) XRD patterns of the samples under different experimental conditions; (c) XPS spectra of Ni (sample b); (d) XPS spectra of P (sample b).

Fig.3 SEM images of the as-prepared Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposites under different experimental conditions: (a) sample a; (b) sample b, (c) sample c; (d) sample d; (e) sample e; (f) sample f; (g) EDS images of sample b.

Tab.2 Pore structural parameters and compositions of the samples

Fig.4 Comparison of the specific capacitance values of the as-prepared Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposite under different experimental conditions: (a) reaction time; (b) reaction power; (c) feeding ratio of precursors to CNTs; (d) specific capacitance of sample b and pure CNTs at different current densities.

Fig.5 (a) CV curves of a Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposite (sample b) at different scan rates from 5?100 mV·s^?¹; (b) GCD curves at current densities of 1?10 A·g^?¹; (c) Nyquist plots of a Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposite (sample b), inset shows x-axis range from 0 to 1.5 W; (d) cycling stability of a Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposite (sample b) and pure CNTs?measured at 10 A·g^?¹ using 6?mol·L^?¹ KOH as the electrolyte.

Fig.6 (a) Cyclic test under continuous transformation conditions; (b) logarithmic plots of the peak current vs. the logarithm of the scan rate; (c) comparison of the capacitive contribution and the redox-controlled contribution at a scan rate of 5 mV·s^?¹; (d) capacitive and redox-controlled contribution ratios at different scanning rates. All the tests were based on the optimal Ni₂P@CNT nanocomposites (sample b).

Fig.7 Electrochemical performance of the assembled ASC based on Ni₂P@CNT//AC: (a) CV curves of Ni₂P@CNTs and AC electrodes at 50 mV·s^?¹; (b) CV curves of Ni₂P@CNT//AC (sample b); (c) GCD curves at different current densities; (d) Nyquist plots of the Ni₂P@CNT//AC ASC; (e) Ragone plot of the Ni₂P@CNT//AC ASC. The inset is a picture of an LED light powered by two connected ASC devices; (f) Self-discharge characteristics of the assembled ASC device over 36000 s.

Tab.3 Energy densities and powder densities of different transition metal phosphides in recent studies

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