A review on membrane distillation in process engineering: design and exergy equations, materials and wetting problems

doi:10.1007/s11705-021-2105-3

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (5) : 592-613 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2105-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

A review on membrane distillation in process engineering: design and exergy equations, materials and wetting problems

Stefano Capizzano¹, Mirko Frappa¹, Francesca Macedonio¹(

), Enrico Drioli^1,^2,³(

)

¹. Institute of Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Rende 87036, Italy
². Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
³. Nanjing Tech University, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China

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Abstract

One of the problems that most afflicts humanity is the lack of clean water. Water stress, which is the pressure on the quantity and quality of water resources, exists in many places throughout the World. Desalination represents a valid solution to the scarcity of fresh water and several technologies are already well applied and successful (such as reverse osmosis), producing about 100 million m³·d⁻¹ of fresh water. Further advances in the field of desalination can be provided by innovative processes such as membrane distillation. The latter is of particular interest for the treatment of waste currents from conventional desalination processes (for example the retentate of reverse osmosis) as it allows to desalt highly concentrated currents as it is not limited by concentration polarization phenomena. New perspectives have enhanced research activities and allowed a deeper understanding of mass and heat transport phenomena, membrane wetting, polarization phenomena and have encouraged the use of materials particularly suitable for membrane distillation applications. This work summarizes recent developments in the field of membrane distillation, studies for module length optimization, commercial membrane modules developed, recent patents and advancement of membrane material.

Keywords membrane distillation recent developments heat and mass transfer wetting membrane material

Corresponding Author(s): Francesca Macedonio,Enrico Drioli

Online First Date: 16 December 2021 Issue Date: 28 March 2022

Cite this article:

Stefano Capizzano,Mirko Frappa,Francesca Macedonio, et al. A review on membrane distillation in process engineering: design and exergy equations, materials and wetting problems[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 592-613.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2105-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/592

Fig.1 Growth rate of MD publications up to December 31, 2020 (according to the search results of Science Direct using “membrane distillation” as keyword).

Fig.2 Growth rate of MCr publications up to December 31, 2020 (according to the search results of Science Direct using “membrane crystallization” as keyword).

Membrane trade name or details about module configuration	Material	Manufacturer	δ/μm	ε/%	LEP_w/kPa	Ref.
Plate and frame module	Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)	Scarab development AB	200	80%	?	[17]
Spiral wound module	Membrane in PTFE supported on polypropylene (PP)	Solar spring GmbH	70 for PTFE, 280 for the support in PP	80 for PTFE, 50 for the support in PP	?	[18,19]
Spiral wound module	Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)	Aquastill BV	76	85	?	[20]
Plate and frame module	PTFE	Memsys GmbH	20 μm (200 μm if including the supporting layer)	70?75	?	[21]
Hollow fiber membrane modules	Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)	Econity	−	−	?
TF200	PTFE/PP	Gelman	178	80	282
TF450	PTFE/PP	Gelman	178	80	138	[22–24]
TF1000	PTFE/PP	Gelman	178	80	48
PT20	PTFE/PP	Gore	64 ± 5	90 ± 1	368 ± 1	[22]
PT45	PTFE/PP	Gore	77 ± 8	89 ± 4	288 ± 1	[22]
TS1.0	PTFE/PP	Osmonics Corp.	175	70	?
TS22	PTFE/PP	Osmonics Corp.	175	70	?	[23]
TS45	PTFE/PP	Osmonics Corp.	175	70	?
Taflen	PTFE/PP	Gelman	60	50	?
FGLP	PTFE/PP	Millipore	130	70	280
FHLP	PTFE/PP	Millipore	175	85	124
GVHP	PVDF	Millipore	110	75	204
PV22	PVDF	Millipore	126 ± 7	62 ± 2	229 ± 3	[22,25]
PV45	PVDF	Millipore	116 ± 9	66 ± 2	110 ± 4
HVHP (Durapore)	PVDF	Millipore	140	75	105
GVSP	PVDF	Millipore	108	80	?	[23]
GORE	PTFE	Gore	64	90	368
GORE	PTFE	Gore	77	89	288
Tecknokrama	PTFE	Teknokrama	−	80	?
Tecknokrama	PTFE	Teknokrama	−	80	?
Tecknokrama	PTFE	Teknokrama	−	80	?
G-4.0-6-7	PTFE	GoreTex Sep GmbH	100	80	463
Sartorious	PTFE	Sartorious	70	70	?
MD080CO2N	PP	Enka Microdyn	650	70	?
MD020TP2N	PP	Enka Microdyn	1550	70	?	[22,23]
Accurel®	PP	Enka A.G.	400	74	?
Celgard X-20	PP	Hoechst Celenese Co.	25	35	?
Accurel® S6/2	PP	Akzo Nobel	450	70	140	[22]
Enka	PP	Sartorious	100	75	?
Enka	PP	Sartorious	140	75	?	[23]
3MA	PP	3M Corporation	91	66	?
3MB	PP	3M Corporation	81	76	?
3MC	PP	3M Corporation	76	79	?
3MD	PP	3M Corporation	86	80	?
3ME	PP	3M Corporation	79	85	?
Membrana	PP	Membrana, Germany	91	?	?
PP22	PP	Osmionics Corp.	150	70	?
Metricel	PP	Gelman	90	55	?
Celgard 2400	PP	Hoechst Celenese Co.	25	38	?
Celgard 2500	PP	Hoechst Celenese Co.	28	45	?
EHF270FA-16	polyethylene (PE)	Mitsubishi	55	70	?

Tab.1 Commercial membranes used in MD application ^a)

Fig.3 (a) DCMD; (b) AGMD; (c) SGMD; (d) VMD. Reprinted from ref. [37] (Open access).

Patent	Inventor	Remark
Membrane distillation device with bubble column dehumidifier Publication number: US20200095138A1 Date of patent: Mar. 26, 2020	Atia Esmaeil Khalifa Mohamed A. Antar Suhaib M. Alawad	The present disclosure relates to a desalination device comprising a membrane distillation module with a water feed chamber, a CG (carrier gas) chamber, and a hydrophobic microporous membrane configured to separate the water feed chamber and the CG chamber
Porous membrane for membrane distillation, and method for operating membrane distillation module Publication number: US20200109070 A1 Date of patent: Apr. 9, 2020	Tomotaka Hashimoto Hiroyuki Arai Kazuto Nagata Noboru Kubota Hiroki Takezawa Takehito Otoyo	The invention relates to a membrane distillation device, provided with a membrane distillation module including a plurality of hydrophobic porous hollow fiber membranes, and a condenser for condensing water vapor extracted from the module
Multistage membrane distillation system for distilled water production Publication number: US20200179877 A1 Date of patent: Jun. 11, 2020	Atia Esmaeil Khalifa	The present disclosure relates to a membrane distillation module with a circulating line to circulate a portion of distilled water, which is formed and accumulated in a distillate zone, to enhance a permeate flux of water vapor through a hydrophobic membrane of the membrane distillation module. Various combinations of embodiments of the membrane distillation module are provided
Plate-type membrane distillation module with hydrophobic membrane Publication number: US20200179876 A1 Date of patent: Jun. 11, 2020	Atia Esmaeil Khalifa	The invention relates to a membrane distillation module with a circulating line to circulate a portion of distilled water, which is formed and accumulated in a distillate zone, to enhance a permeate flux of water vapor through a hydrophobic membrane of the membrane distillation module. Various combinations of embodiments of the membrane distillation module are provided
Porous membrane for membrane distillation, membrane module, and membrane distillation device Publication number: US20200179876 A1 Date of patent: Jun. 11, 2020	Mitsunori Iwamuro Yasuharu Murakami Tatsuya Makino	The object of the present invention is to provide a porous membrane, containing aerogel particles, for membrane distillation excellent in thermal insulation properties
Hollow fiber membrane module for direct contact membrane distillation-based desalination Publication number: US20200197867 A1 Date of patent: Jun. 25, 2020	Kamalesh Sirkar Dhananjay Singh Lin Li Thomas J. McEvoy	The present disclosure has been developed to describe the observed water production rates of a cylindrical cross-flow module containing high-flux composite hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes in multiple brine feed introduction configurations
Nanostructured fibrous membranes for membrane distillation Publication number: US20200316504 A1 Date of patent: Oct. 8, 2020	Benjamin Chu Benjamin S. Hsiao	The present disclosure relates to membranes suitable for use in membrane distillation including nano-fibrous layers with adjustable pore sizes, hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffolds and thin hydrophilic protecting layers that can significantly reduce fouling and scaling problems
Hydrophobic polyethylene membrane for use in venting, degassing, and membrane distillation processes Publication number: US20200406201A1 Date of patent: Dec. 31, 2020	Wai Ming Choi Jad Ali Jaber Vinay Goel Vinay KALYANI Anthony Dennis	The invention relates to polyethylene membranes and with high molecular weight and hydrophobicity, that have been obtained by stretching polyethylene and grafting hydrophobic monomers onto the membrane surface
Novel materials and methods for photothermal membrane distillation Publication number: US20210023505 A1 Date of patent: Jan. 28, 2021	Young-Shin Jun Srikanth Singamaneni Xuanhao Wu Qisheng Jiang	This patent discloses a photothermal distillation membrane comprising a tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-trichlorosilane (FTCS) fluoro-silanized, polydopamine (PDA) coated, PVDF membrane and a process for synthesizing a FTCS-PDA-PVDF membrane
Solar thermal membrane distillation system for drinking water production Publication number: US20210017048 A1 Date of patent: Jan. 21, 2021	Peng Yi Rahamat Ullah Tanvir Shahin Ahmed Suion	This invention relates to a solar distillation device that includes a feed water chamber having an open interior feed water compartment and a feed water inlet to the feed water compartment. The top, the rear wall, and the sides of the distillate chamber include a solar radiation transmissive portion
Apparatus for solar-assisted water distillation using waste heat of air conditioners Publication number: US10926223B2 Date of patent: Feb. 23, 2021	Fahad G. AL-AMRI	The invention presents an apparatus for water purification that includes a MD cell, an air conditioner and a photovoltaic solar collector cell including a transparent photovoltaic cell configured to generate electricity

Tab.3 List of MD-related patents published in the period from January 2020 to February 2021

Tab.4 Glass transition temperature T_g, melting point T_m and thermal conductivity K of polymers

Fig.6 Dependence of transmembrane flux, calculated on the basis of different considerations, on feed solution concentration. J_b, J_M, J_exp and J_sol represent the flux calculated using bulk temperatures, membrane surface temperatures, bulk temperatures combined with solution concentration effects and experimental flux, respectively. Reprinted with permission from ref. [31], copyright 2013, Elsevier.

Tab.5 Solubility of alkali metal chlorides

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