Ultrasonic emulsification: basic characteristics, cavitation, mechanism, devices and application

doi:10.1007/s11705-022-2160-4

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (11) : 1560-1583 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2160-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

Ultrasonic emulsification: basic characteristics, cavitation, mechanism, devices and application

Chaoqun Yao^1,³, Shuainan Zhao², Lixue Liu^1,⁴, Zhikai Liu^1,³, Guangwen Chen¹(

)

¹. Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
². School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
³. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴. School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

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Abstract

Emulsion systems are widely applied in agriculture, food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Ultrasound has attracted much attention in emulsion preparation, especially for nanoemulsion, due to its advantages of being eco-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient. This review provides an overview for readers to the area of ultrasonic emulsification technology. It briefly introduces and summarizes knowledge of ultrasonic emulsification, including emulsion characteristics, acoustic cavitation, emulsification mechanism, ultrasonic devices and applications. The combination of microfluidics and ultrasound is highlighted with huge advantages in controlling cavitation phenomena and emulsification intensification. A novel scale of dμ_C^0.6/μ_D^0.33−E_V is proposed to be able to compare the energy efficiency of emulsion preparation in different devices.

Keywords nanoemulsion ultrasound microreactor multiphase energy

Corresponding Author(s): Guangwen Chen

Online First Date: 08 July 2022 Issue Date: 13 December 2022

Cite this article:

Chaoqun Yao,Shuainan Zhao,Lixue Liu, et al. Ultrasonic emulsification: basic characteristics, cavitation, mechanism, devices and application[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(11): 1560-1583.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-022-2160-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I11/1560

Tab.1 Comparison of macroeumlsion, nanoemulsion and microemulsion

Fig.1 Typical shape of interaction between droplets.

Fig.4 Different types of bubble oscillation and the effect of bubble size and ultrasound intensity.

Fig.7 Controlled cavitation bubble field and microstreaming. (a) General cavitation bubble behavior for (i). Reprinted with permission from Refs. [43], copyright 2019, Elsevier, and [44], copyright 2020, Elsevier. Bubble array for (ii) (unpublished results from the authors) and introduced-bubble oscillation for (iii). Reprinted with permission from Refs. [57], copyright 2020, CIESC, and [61], copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Cavity fabricated on channel wall for particle manipulation (i). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52], copyright 2012, AIP Publishing. (ii) Mixing intensification. Reprinted with permission from Refs. [58], copyright 2009, Springer-Verlag, [59], copyright 2009, Royal Society of Chemistry, and [60], copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig.8 (a) Channel dimension/wall confinement for (i) and (ii). Reprinted with permission from Refs. [43], copyright 2019, Elsevier, and [64], copyright 2016, Wiley-Blackwell. (iii) Numerical analysis. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [65], copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Multi-effects superimposition. Reprinted with permission from Refs. [66], copyright 2021, Elsevier, and [67], copyright 2020, Elsevier.

Fig.11 Ultrasonic emulsification phenomena observed in ultrasonic microreactors. (a) Bubble shuttle inducing emulsion, (b) bubble oscillation-induced interface deformation and emulsion. (a) and (c) are results from the authors Shock wave-induced emulsion. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [78], copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig.13 Different ultrasonic microreactors. (a) Indirect ultrasound transmission. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83], copyright 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Ref. [84], copyright 2006, Elsevier, and Ref. [85], copyright 2009, Elsevier. (b) Direct integration of ultrasound transducers and microreactors. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [61], copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry, Ref. [81], copyright 2013, copyright 2013, IEEE, and Ref. [86], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Ultrasonic microeactors with temperature control bath. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [43], copyright 2019, Elsevier, and Ref. [87], copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig.14 Scale-up strategies for ultrasonic reactors. (a) Conventional and high gain ultrasonic horns. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [11], copyright 2014, Elsevier. (b) Ultrasound irradiating surface enlargement. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [88], copyright 2022, Elsevier. (c) Configured numbering-up of ultrasonic sources. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [93], copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig.15 Comparison between different ultrasonic devices and other devices (a) droplet diameter and (b) energy efficiency (Solid legends represent ultrasonic continuous emulsification and hollow legends ultrasonic batch emulsification. The solid red ellipse represents the results estimated from [77,78] in ultrasonic microreactors. The dashed ellipse shows the projected zone for optimized emulsion production in ultrasonic microreactors. μ_C and μ_D are nondimensionalized by mPa·s^–1). Reprinted with permission from Refs. [77], copyright 2018, Wiley-Blackwell, and [78], copyright 2021, Elsevier.

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