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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

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ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2024, Vol. 18 Issue (7) : 80    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-024-2435-z
Rational design of practical layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
Yan Wang1, Ning Ding1, Rui Zhang1(), Guanhua Jin2(), Dan Sun1, Yougen Tang1, Haiyan Wang1()
1. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2. College of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu Prefecture 843100, China
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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which serve as alternatives or supplements to lithium-ion batteries, have been developed rapidly in recent years. Designing advanced high-performance layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials is beneficial for accelerating the commercialization of SIBs. Herein, the recent research progress on scalable synthesis methods, challenges on the path to commercialization and practical material design strategies for layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials is summarized. Co-precipitation method and solid-phase method are commonly used to synthesize NaxTMO2 on mass production and show their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of manufacturing cost, operative difficulty, sample quality and so on. To overcome drawbacks of layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials and meet the requirements for practical application, a detailed and deep understanding of development trends of layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials is also provided, including high specific energy materials, high-entropy oxides, single crystal materials, wide operation temperature materials and high air stability materials. This work can provide useful guidance in developing practical layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials for commercial SIBs.
Keywords sodium-ion batteries      layered oxide      industrialization      development prospect     
Corresponding Author(s): Rui Zhang,Guanhua Jin,Haiyan Wang   
Just Accepted Date: 19 April 2024   Issue Date: 21 June 2024
 Cite this article:   
Yan Wang,Ning Ding,Rui Zhang, et al. Rational design of practical layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 80.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-024-2435-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/80
Fig.1  The illustration of the key points about layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials for industrialization, including two main synthesis methods, challenges, potential materials and outlook.
Fig.2  (a) Process flow diagram of co-precipitation method for synthesizing layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials. (b) Schematic illustration of the growth mechanism of spherical Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 precursor particles. SEM images of (c) the precursors synthesized at ammonia concentrations and (d) the corresponding cathode materials. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37], copyright 2023, Elsevier.
Fig.3  (a) Process flow diagram of a solid-phase method for synthesizing layered NaxTMO2 cathode materials. (b) SEM and high resolution transmission electron microscope images and (c) crystal structure of O3-phase Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5–xSbx]O2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47], copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (d) Synthesis route of Na0.78Ni0.32Mn0.68O2 (NaMN)/metal phosphate cathode material. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49], copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Synthetic methodsAdvantagesDisadvantagesRaw material selection
Co-precipitation method√ Uniform morphology and distribution of elements√ Easy to scale production× Complicated control parameters× High cost × Wastewater treatmentSoluble salt
Solid-phase method√ Simple operation process√ Easy to control√ Low cost√ Easy to scale production× Long calcination time× Large energy consumption× Low efficiency× Poor sample uniformity × Slightly poor performanceFlexibility
Tab.1  Comparison of large-scale synthesis methods [15]
Fig.4  (a) The energy cost between lithium-ion cathodes and NaxTMO2. (b) The pack energy cost between lithium-ion cathodes and NaxTMO2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3], copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (c) Evolution of cell parameters (‘a’ and ‘c’) as a function of Na concentration and the phases in the Nax[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 system during charging process. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [59], copyright 2012, American Chemical Society.
Fig.5  (a) Schematic diagram of cathode materials influencing factors in the air. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74], copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH. (b) Schematic diagram of H2O inserted into the gap of layered oxide. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79], copyright 2019, Frontiers Media S.A. (c) Schematic diagram of CO2 inserted into the gap of layered oxide and (d) SEM images and XRD patterns of Na2/3[Mn1/2Fe1/2]O2 exposed to air. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [82], copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (e) Optical photo of gelatinous electrode slurry and (f) degradation mechanism of PVDF binder. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74], copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig.6  (a) Rate performance of O3-Na[Ni0.60Fe0.25Mn0.15]O2 and (b) the in situ XRD patterns of Na1–xNi0.65[Fe0.25Mn0.15]O2 at the first cycle. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [92], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Cycling performance of P2-NLNMO. (d) A schematic diagram of the proposed Mn activation mechanism. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [98], copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig.7  (a) Cycling performance of PC-SNMO and MS-SNMO cycled at 0.2 C. (b) FIB-SEM image of PC-SNMO (left) and MS-SNMO (right) particles after 200 cycles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [102], copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic illustration of the effect of single-crystal growth and crystal orientation on the electrochemical performance of C-NZM and SC-NZM-1.3. (d) SEM images of SC-NZM-1.3. (e) Cycling performance of C-NZM and SC-NZM-1.3. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [116], copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.
Fig.8  (a) A schematic diagram simulating the effect of Nb doping on the crystal structure. (b) Rate performance comparison of NaMNNb and NaMN at –40 °C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [129], copyright 2022, Nature Communications. (c) Schematic of Na2SiO3 coating process on NFMO. (d) DSC profiles of the bare and 3% Na2SiO3-coated NFMO charged to 4.2 V. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [136], copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd. (e) TM dissolution comparison and (f) DSC profiles of the NFM and the LMCS NFM. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [137], copyright 2023, Wiley‐VCH GmbH.
Fig.9  (a) A HAADF-STEM image of the pristine Na0.67MnO2 and the F-dopd Na0.67MnO2. (b) Cycling stability of Na0.67Mn[O1.97F0.03] and Na0.67MnO2 before and after treated with water. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [140], copyright 2023, Wiley‐VCH GmbH. (c) Static contact angle tests and (d) cycling performance of the pristine Na0.67Mn0.92Cu0.04Fe0.04O2 (NMFCO) and TPA-coated NMFCO. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [141], copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd. and Techna Group S. r. l. (e) Cycling performance after storage under ambient air and after recovery at 850 °C. (f) The 10th charging/discharging curves of the pristine NFM and recovered NFM samples (0.5 C, 10th cycle). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [143], copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.
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