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Front. Eng    2023, Vol. 10 Issue (3) : 467-482    https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-023-0249-1
REVIEW ARTICLE
Are public‒private partnerships still an answer for social infrastructure? A systematic literature review
Liang MA1, Yangyang HU1, Liuying ZHU1, Yongjian KE2()
1. School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Institute of Regional and Urban Development of Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
2. School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
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Abstract

Social infrastructure has become an important element for measuring national economic development and social benefits that are usually financed in the form of government grants, private investment, and public‒private partnerships (PPPs). However, social infrastructure PPPs have attracted considerable public debate due to their low profitability and complex operational demands. This study aims to answer the question, “are PPPs still an answer for social infrastructure?”, from the perspectives of the body of knowledge, application status, and prospects. Initially, an iterative search and review procedure and a scientometric analysis were performed to systematically screen the literature and to structure the body of knowledge of the social infrastructure PPPs literature. Furthermore, the application status and trends were analyzed to further explore the studied countries/regions, application sectors, and research topics. Results show that PPPs still have valuable application potential for delivering social infrastructure despite their mixed results across different topics. Six main research themes and the corresponding research trends were also identified, namely, financing and economics viability, risk management, performance management, contract and relationship management, governance and regulation, and facilitating and hindering factors. These findings offer practitioners and researchers a comprehensive overview and constructive guidance on social infrastructure PPPs.
Keywords public‒private partnerships      social infrastructure      scientometric analysis      systematic review     
Corresponding Author(s): Yongjian KE   
About author: * These authors contributed equally to this work.
Just Accepted Date: 10 February 2023   Online First Date: 13 March 2023    Issue Date: 29 August 2023
 Cite this article:   
Liang MA,Yangyang HU,Liuying ZHU, et al. Are public‒private partnerships still an answer for social infrastructure? A systematic literature review[J]. Front. Eng, 2023, 10(3): 467-482.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/10.1007/s42524-023-0249-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/Y2023/V10/I3/467
No.SectorExampleLiterature source
1EducationSchoolStudent accommodationNZSIF (2009)
2HealthcareHospitalPrimary care centerGilmour et al. (2010); Mercille (2019)
3HousingPublic housingPublic rental housingAffordable housingLiu et al. (2017); Yuan et al. (2017)
4SportStadiumKe (2014)
5MilitaryDefense force housingNZSIF (2009)
6Corrections and JusticePrisonCourtYong (2010)
7Arts and Cultural FacilitiesLibraryMuseumParkGilmour et al. (2010); Levey et al. (2020)
Tab.1  Examples of social infrastructure
KeywordSource
PPPs relatedpublic private partnership; private finance initiative; build operate transfer; build own operate transfer; build transfer; build own operate; build lease transfer; transfer operate transfer; renovate operate transfer; design build finance operate; public private partnerships; design build finance maintain; design build finance operate maintain; private finance initiatives; transfer-operate-transfer; build transfer own; reconstruct operate transferSong et al. (2016); Cui et al. (2018); Wang et al. (2018)
Social infrastructure relatedsocial infrastructure; hospital; healthcare; school; education; prison; social housing; public housing; public security; defense; elder care; elderly care; court; health; sports; aged care; museumGilmour et al. (2010); Liu et al. (2017); Ye et al. (2021)
Tab.2  Retrieved keywords
Fig.1  Keyword co-occurrence network.
Fig.2  Number of publications per year from 1998 to 2021.
Fig.3  Top 10 studied countries/regions.
SectorRange/ModelChallengeMain reference
Hospital1) Infrastructure and/or soft facilities;2) Infrastructure, soft facilities, and clinical services;3) Infrastructure, soft facilities, clinical services, and primary health care servicesArchitectural complexity;Whether the private sector participates in core clinical servicesFroud and Shaoul (2001); Shaoul et al. (2008); Wang et al. (2019); Moro Visconti et al. (2019)
School1) Asset creation and asset maintenance;2) Asset creation, asset maintenance, and academic activitiesWhether PPPs are beneficial to teaching quality;Content development of user chargesReeves (2008); Khadaroo (2008); Wang et al. (2012); Sundaram and Mishra (2014)
Housing1) Build-operate-transfer;2) Build-operate-ownProportion of government investment or subsidy and pricing strategy;Low occupancy rate;Political instabilitySengupta (2006); Abdul-Aziz and Jahn Kassim (2011); Wang et al. (2014); Kwofie et al. (2016)
Tab.3  Models of and challenges faced by different sectors
CategorySubcategoryTypical literatureNumber
Financing and economics viabilityVFM, affordability, economic evaluation, payment mechanism, cost-effective analysis, benefits and cost, cost simulation, refinancing, investment sustainabilityWang et al. (2012); de Marco and Mangano (2013); Cruz and Marques (2014); Solheim-Kile et al. (2019); Dai et al. (2021)44
Risk managementRisk identification, risk allocation, risk factors, risk mitigation, risk assessmentBroadbent et al. (2008); de Marco and Mangano (2013); Ahmad et al. (2018); Meng et al. (2018)22
Performance managementKPIs, performance evaluation frameworks, operation performance, performance comparison, stakeholder satisfactionYuan et al. (2018); Liu et al. (2018); Saeed et al. (2018); Rodrigues and Zucco (2018); Bastani et al. (2019); Geng et al. (2020)23
Contract and relationship managementProcurement procedures, contract change, trust, flexible contract, concession period determinationMerrifield et al. (2002); Cruz and Marques (2013a); Abdullah and Khadaroo (2020); Simon et al. (2020)23
Governance and regulationGovernance structures, regulation, government incentives, legislation, policy, transparency, accountability, bureaucracy and corruptionvan Gestel et al. (2014); van den Hurk and Verhoest (2015); Levey et al. (2020); Liu et al. (2021); Stafford and Stapleton (2022)25
Facilitating and hindering factorsCritical success factors, hindering factors, success or failure experienceYuan et al. (2012); Ke (2014); Liu and Wilkinson (2015); Kwofie et al. (2016); Alteneiji et al. (2020)16
Tab.4  Categories and subcategories identified from the literature
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