Characterizing the regional pattern and temporal change of groundwater levels by analyses of a well log data set

doi:10.1007/s11707-011-0185-y

Front Earth Sci

0, Vol.

Issue () : 294-304 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-011-0185-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Characterizing the regional pattern and temporal change of groundwater levels by analyses of a well log data set

Mahmuda PARVIN¹, Naoyuki TADAKUMA¹, Hisafumi ASAUE¹, Katsuaki KOIKE²(

)

1. Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; 2. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan

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Abstract

Preservation of the amount and quality of groundwater resources is an important issue around the world. Changes in groundwater levels need to be monitored in efforts to preserve groundwater. This study investigates suitable methods to characterize changes in the groundwater level and determine the factors involved. The area of Kumamoto, a city in central Kyushu, south-west Japan, was selected to demonstrate the usefulness of the methods because this area is one of the richest in Japan in terms of groundwater resources and takes all its water from groundwater. Data of the groundwater level recorded at 69 wells from 1979 to 2007 were used in geostatistical and correlogram analyses. First, strong correlation between the topography and groundwater level was identified. Incorporating this correlation into spatial modeling of the groundwater level, co-kriging was demonstrated to be more accurate than ordinary kriging. The co-kriging results clarified the hydraulic characteristics of the Kumamoto area; the patterns of shallow and deep groundwater levels were agreeable generally, and the general trends of their annual average levels were similar regardless of precipitation. Another important feature was that the correlograms for the precipitation amount and groundwater level had a constant shape and changed smoothly with a change in lag time regardless of the precipitation only in the area of Togawa lava. These characteristics are probably due to the connections between shallow and deep aquifers and the high permeability of Togawa lava.

Keywords geostatistics spatial modeling precipitation correlogram Kumamoto Togawa lava

Corresponding Author(s): KOIKE Katsuaki,Email:koike.katsuaki.5x@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Issue Date: 05 September 2011

Cite this article:

Mahmuda PARVIN,Naoyuki TADAKUMA,Katsuaki KOIKE, et al. Characterizing the regional pattern and temporal change of groundwater levels by analyses of a well log data set[J]. Front Earth Sci, 0, (): 294-304.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-011-0185-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y0/V/I/294

Fig.1 Location of the study area and distribution of 69 wells used to monitor groundwater levels. The thickness of the Togawa lava is presented on the basis of three-dimensional geological modeling of study area by Koike and Matsuda ()

Tab.1 General stratigraphy of the study area. The pfd denotes pyroclastic flow deposits ()

Fig.2 Photographs of porous Togawa lava

Fig.3 Annual total precipitation and monthly average groundwater levels at 16 selected points during the period 1979–2007. A, B, C, a, and b following the well number are explained in the text. Points 35a, 36b, 38b, 39a, 40b, and 66a are on the lowlands; points 13A, 19C, 20A, and 21C are on the thick distribution of Togawa lava; points 28a, 29b, and 30a are on the middle area and 41b, 47b, 53b and 57b are on a terrace near the recharge zone of groundwater (see Fig. 1)

Fig.4 Contour map of the groundwater level and flow vector produced through trend surface analysis of the level data described in geological columns by Koike et al. (). The star indicates a spring

Fig.5 Scattergrams showing correlation between the elevation of a well and the levels of shallow and deep groundwater in 1993, 1994, and 1998. These years saw the maximum precipitation in the study period (1993), the minimum precipitation (1994), and typical precipitation (1998). is the coefficient of determination

Fig.6 Examples of (a) a semivariogram and (b) cross-semivariogram for the annual average of deep groundwater levels and the elevation at each well in 1998. These experimental semivariograms can be approximated by curves for a spherical model

Tab.2 RMSS values of cross-validation for evaluating the estimation of shallow and deep groundwater levels by ordinary kriging (OK) and co-kriging (CK) of the groundwater-level data for 1993, 1994, and 1998

Fig.7 Scattergrams showing cross-validation for the actual deep groundwater level and the log-transformed shallow groundwater level for a certain well and the co-kriging estimation obtained using sample data distributed around the well. The 45° line (solid line) drawn in the scattergram indicates perfect prediction. A regression line (dot line) with gradient less than 45° indicates a smoothing effect in the prediction

Fig.8 Spatial distribution of annual averages of the shallow and deep levels in 1993, 1994, and 1998 produced by co-kriging

Tab.3 Maximum cross-correlation coefficient and its time lag for the relationship between monthly precipitation and the monthly average of groundwater levels at the 12 selected wells. Six points (4A, 7A, 10B, 20A, 21C, and 25B) are located within the distribution of Togawa lava and the other six are located outside the lava distribution (see Fig. 1)

Fig.9 Correlograms of representative wells inside the Togawa lava distribution (20A and 21C) and outside the lava distribution (28a and 29b), which express the correlation between monthly precipitation and monthly average of the groundwater level for each time delay (lag)

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