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Frontiers of Earth Science

ISSN 2095-0195

ISSN 2095-0209(Online)

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Front Earth Sci    0, Vol. Issue () : 320-330    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-013-0360-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of economic loss from energy-related environmental pollution: a case study of Beijing
Chen CHEN, Meirong SU(), Gengyuan LIU, Zhifeng YANG
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Abstract

With the growth of energy consumption, energy-related environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, which in turn causes enormous economic loss because of public health damage, corrosion of materials, crop yield reduction, and other factors. Evaluating economic loss caused by energy-related environmental pollution can contribute to decision making in energy management. A framework for evaluating economic loss from environmental pollution produced during energy production, transportation, and consumption is proposed in this paper. Regarding SO2, PM10, and solid waste as the main pollutants, economic losses from health damage, materials corrosion, crop yield reduction, and solid waste pollution are estimated based on multiple concentration-response relationships and dose–response functions. The proposed framework and evaluation methods are applied to Beijing, China. It is evident that total economic loss attributable to energy-related environmental pollution fluctuated during 2000–2011 but had a general growth trend, with the highest value reaching 2.3 × 108 CNY (China Yuan) in 2006. Economic loss caused by health damage contributes most to the total loss among the four measured damage types. The total economic loss strongly correlates with the amount of energy consumption, especially for oil and electricity. Our evaluation framework and methods can be used widely to measure the potential impact of environmental pollution in the energy lifecycle.
Keywords economic loss      environmental pollution      health damage      energy lifecycle      Beijing     
Corresponding Author(s): SU Meirong,Email:sumr@bnu.edu.cn   
Issue Date: 05 September 2013
 Cite this article:   
Meirong SU,Gengyuan LIU,Zhifeng YANG, et al. Evaluation of economic loss from energy-related environmental pollution: a case study of Beijing[J]. Front Earth Sci, 0, (): 320-330.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-013-0360-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y0/V/I/320
Fig.1  Framework for evaluating economic loss of energy-related environmental pollution
energy resourcespollutant typeproduction/(t·(104 tce)-1)transportation/ (t·(104 tce)-1)consumption/ (t·(104 tce)-1)total/ (t·(104 tce)-1)
coalSO21.02E - 012.39E+ 002.80E+ 022.82E+ 02
PM107.45E+ 001.80E+ 027.86E+ 012.66E+ 02
solid waste6.73E+ 02-1.32E+ 031.99E+ 03
oilSO21.40E+ 003.61E - 015.83E+ 016.01E+ 01
PM104.02E - 01-6.30E+ 006.70E+ 00
solid waste4.19E+ 01--4.19E+ 01
natural gasSO21.44E+ 004.21E - 047.22E - 026.17E+ 00
PM104.14E - 01-1.26E+ 001.67E+ 00
solid waste4.33E+ 01--4.33E+ 01
electricitySO22.72E+ 02--2.72E+ 02
PM107.53E+ 01--7.53E+ 01
solid waste7.47E+ 02--7.47E+ 02
Tab.1  Amount of pollutant produced by each unit of energy
PM10/(μg·m-3·kton-1)SO2/ (μg·m-3·kton-1)
γlow0.094740.03364
γmedium0.01710.00607
γhigh0.00270.00096
Tab.2  Transfer coefficients of PM and SO
health endpointspollutantcoefficient/(cases per 1 mil. people with a 1 μg/m3 increase)reference
mortalityPM107.14World Bank, 1997
SO26.2Xu et al., 1994;Pan et al., 2007
respiratory hospital admissionsPM1012World Bank, 1997
SO25Atkinson et al., 2001;Pan et al., 2007
emergency room visitsPM10235World Bank, 1997
SO237Xu et al., 1995a;Pan et al., 2007
restricted activity daysPM1057500World Bank, 1997
asthma attacksPM102608World Bank, 1997
SO229Hiltermann et al., 1998
chronic bronchitisPM1061.2World Bank, 1997
SO27.2Schwartz et al., 1988
cardiovascular hospital admissionsPM107Wong et al., 2002;Zhang et al., 2007
outpatient internal medicine visitsPM103.4Xu et al., 1995b;Zhang et al., 2007
SO22Chang et al., 2003;Pan et al., 2007
outpatient pediatric visitsPM103.9Xu et al., 1995b;Zhang et al., 2007
SO235Chang et al., 2003;Pan et al., 2007
Tab.3  Concentration-response coefficients of PM and SO
materialexposure-response functionsa)
galvanized steelY=0.43+4.47[SO2]+0.95×104[H+]
painted steelY=5.61+2.84[SO2]+0.74×104[H+]
marbleY=14.53+23.81[SO2]+3.80×104[H+]
Tab.4  Exposure-response functions of various materials
materialgalvanized steel/μmpainted steel/μmmarble/μm
CDL7.319.081003.2
Tab.5  Critical damage limit of various materials
Fig.2  Consumption of four energy resources in Beijing during 2000-2011
Fig.3  Emission and concentration of PMand SO caused by energy use in Beijing
Fig.4  Economic loss from health damage for main endpoints in Beijing
Fig.5  Economic loss from corrosion of materials in Beijing
Fig.6  Amount of solid waste and related economic loss in Beijing
Fig.7  Economic loss from energy-related environmental pollution in Beijing
energy typetotal energy usecoaloilnatural gaselectricity
correlation coefficient0.90**a)0.60*0.85**0.79**0.86**
Tab.6  Correlation coefficients of energy consumption and economic loss from environmental pollution in Beijing
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