Late Quaternary rates of stream incision in Northeast Peloponnese, Greece

doi:10.1007/s11707-016-0577-0

Front. Earth Sci.

2016, Vol. 10

Issue (3) : 455-478 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-016-0577-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Late Quaternary rates of stream incision in Northeast Peloponnese, Greece

Efthimios KARYMBALIS^1,^*(

),Dimitrios PAPANASTASSIOU²,Kalliopi GAKI-PAPANASTASSIOU³,Maria FERENTINOU⁴,Christos CHALKIAS¹

¹. Department of Geography, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
². Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, Athens 11810, Greece
³. Department of Geography and Climatology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
⁴. Department of Geology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

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Abstract

This study focuses on defining rates of fluvial incision for the last 580±5 kyr along valley systems of eight streams that drain the eastern part of the northern Peloponnese. The streams are developed on the uplifted block of the offshore-running Xylokastro normal fault, one of the main faults bounding the southern edge of the Gulf of Corinth half-graben, and have incised a set of ten uplifted marine terraces having an amphitheatric shape. These terraces range in age from 60±5 kyr to 580±5 kyr and have been mapped in detail and correlated with late Pleistocene oxygen-isotope stages of high sea-level stands by previous studies. The terraces were used in this paper as reference surfaces in order to define fluvial incision rates at the lower reaches of the studied streams. To evaluate incision rates, thirty-three topographic valley cross-sections were drawn using fieldwork measurements as well as using a highly accurate (2×2 cell size) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) at specific locations where streams cut down the inner edges of the marine terraces. For each cross-section the ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf) and long-term mean stream incision rates were estimated for the last 580±5 kyr, while rock uplift rates were estimated for the last 330±5 kyr. The geomorphic evolution of the valleys on the uplifted block of the Xylokastro fault has been mainly driven by the lithology of the bedrock, sea level fluctuations during the late Quaternary, and incision of the channels due to the tectonic uplift. Stream incision rates range from 0.10±0.1 mm/yr for the last 123±7 kyr to 1.14±0.1 mm/yr for the last 310±5 kyr and are gradually greater from east to west depending on the distance from the trace of the fault. Downcutting rates are comparable with the rock uplift rates, which range from 0.4±0.02 mm/yr to 1.49±0.12 mm/yr, over the last 330±5 kyr.

Keywords fluvial incision tectonic uplift marine terraces Peloponnese Greece

Corresponding Author(s): Efthimios KARYMBALIS

Just Accepted Date: 14 April 2016 Online First Date: 23 May 2016 Issue Date: 20 June 2016

Cite this article:

Efthimios KARYMBALIS,Dimitrios PAPANASTASSIOU,Kalliopi GAKI-PAPANASTASSIOU, et al. Late Quaternary rates of stream incision in Northeast Peloponnese, Greece[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2016, 10(3): 455-478.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-016-0577-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2016/V10/I3/455

Fig.1 Hill shade maps of the Gulf of Corinth and the studied streams’ catchments. The main faults of the Gulf of Corinth are also depicted (P.f.: Psathopyrgos fault; E.f.: Eliki fault; X.f.: Xylokastro fault).

Fig.2 Hill shade map of the broader area of the uplifted marine terraces between Corinth and Xylokastro. The locations of the valley-cross profiles, which were used for the estimations of mean long-term fluvial incision rates and ratio of valley floor width to valley height values, are also indicated. Hill shade map is produced by topographic maps at the scale of 1:50,000. Locations of the four cross-sections ((a), (b), (c), and (d) in Fig. 3) at different distances from the Xylokastro fault are indicated. Marine terraces and faults are based on Armijo et al. (1996).

Fig.3 Correlation of marine terraces in space and time. The elevations of palaeo-shorelines at four sections at different distances from the Xylokastro fault (5, 10, 15, and 20 km) are correlated with the sea-level highstands (modified from Armijo et al. (1996)). Locations of the four sections ((a), (b), (c), and (d)) are indicated in Fig. 2.

Tab.1 Characteristics of the streams and their corresponding drainage basins

Fig.4 Geological map of the drainage basins (based on the geological mapping by the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration of Greece at a scale of 1:50,000, (IGME, 1970, 1972, 1982, 1989). A geological cross-section (A?A′) is also included. The location of the cross-section is shown on the map.

Fig.5 Longitudinal profiles of the eight rivers, derived from (20 m×20 m) DEM produced by 1:50,000 scale topographic maps of the Hellenic Military Geographical Service. The positions of the major knickpoints within each river profile are also depicted. Bold lines represent faults producing surface displacements, whereas dashed lines represent the lithologic boundaries associated with knickpoints. (bs: break slope knickpoints, vs: vertical step knickpoints, F: main faults affecting the longitudinal profiles, L: lithologic contacts).

Cross-valley profile number	Stream	Time range /kyr	Valley width (Vw)/m	Valley height (Vh)/m	Vw/Vh	Width of valley floor (Vfw)/m	Elevation of the left divide (Eld)/m	Elevation of the right divide (Erd)/m	Elevation of the valley floor (Esc)/m	Ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf)	Stream power index (Si)	Cumulative incision/m	Incision rate /(mm·yr^?1)	Uplift rate /(mm·yr^?1)
1	Xerias	240±5	630±2	36.35±3	17.3±1.5	128±2	96±2	76±2	49.5±1	3.51±0.35	6.11	36	0.15±0.02	0.40±0.02
2	Xerias	310±5	800±2	31±3	25.8±2.6	455±2	108±2	86±2	61±1	12.64±1.12	6.15	31	0.10±0.01	0.40±0.01
3	Raizanis	240±5	550±2	60±3	9.1±0.5	240±2	100±2	96±2	39.5±1	4.10±0.25	5.90	60	0.25±0.02	0.45±0.02
4	Raizanis	310±5	760±2	80±3	9.5±0.4	219±2	124±2	120±2	42±1	2.74±0.13	6.11	81	0.26±0.01	0.48±0.01
5	Raizanis	580±5	1450±2	159±3	9.1±0.2	163±2	220±2	228±2	66±1	1.03±0.03	6.10		0.27±0.02
6	Zapantis	195±5	369±2	17±3	21.7±4.1	221±2	80±2	80±2	63±1	13.00±2.49	5.97	18	0.09±0.02	0.43±0.02
7	Zapantis	240±5	570±2	35,5±3	16.1±1.4	287±2	112±2	108±2	75.5±1	8.32±0.79	5.97	36	0.15±0.02	0.50±0.02
8	Zapantis	310±5	570±2	59,5±3	9.6±0.5	199±2	140±2	140±2	80.5±1	3.34±0.20	5.94	59	0.19±0.01	0.54±0.01
9	Zapantis	580±5	1200±2	165±3	7.3±0.1	294±2	280±2	276±2	114±1	1.79±0.05	5.95		0.28±0.02
10	Assopos	105±5	435±2	22.5±3	19.3±2.7	299±2	56±2	52±2	31±1	13.00±1.81	6.25	22	0.21±0.04	0.74±0.05
11	Assopos	195±5	425±2	67.5±3	6.3±0.3	257±2	108±2	102±2	36±1	3.72±0.19	6.25	68	0.35±0.02	0.56±0.02
12	Assopos	240±5	920±2	113.5±3	8.1±0.2	333±2	164±2	156±2	46.5±1	2.93±0.10	6.25	113	0.47±0.02	0.71±0.02
13	Assopos	310±5	1390±2	146±3	9.5±0.2	282±2	208±2	180±2	42±1	1.86±0.05	6.25	146	0.47±0.02	0.71±0.02
14	Assopos	330±5	1900±2	192±3	9.9±0.2	605±2	260±2	240±2	58±1	3.15±0.06	6.24	191	0.58±0.02	0.78±0.02
15	Elisson	80±5	550±2	16±3	34.4±6.8	83±2	52±2	50±2	34±1	4.88±1.01	5.68	16	0.20±0.05	0.88±0.08
16	Elisson	123±7	335±2	24.5±3	13.7±1.8	239±2	84±2	84±2	59.5±1	9.76±1.30	5.67	25	0.20±0.04	0.65±0.05
17	Elisson	240±5	815±2	100±3	8.2±0.3	211±2	204±2	184±2	91±1	2.05±0.08	5.68	101	0.42±0.02	0.85±0.03
18	Elisson	310±5	810±2	121±3	6.7±0.2	327±2	244±2	208±2	99±1	2.57±0.08	5.68	121	0.39±0.02	0.76±0.02
19	Elisson	330±5	730±2	154±3	4.7±0.1	190±2	280±2	268±2	119±1	1.23±0.04	5.69	155	0.47±0.02	0.86±0.02
20	Seliandros	80±5	560±2	37.5±3	14.9±0.3	165±2	64±2	60±2	22.5±1	4.18±0.37	5.51	38	0.47±0.07	1.00±0.09
21	Seliandros	105±5	465±2	53±3	8.8±0.5	84±2	88±2	76±2	26±1	1.50±0.12	5.67	53	0.50±0.05	1.00±0.07
22	Seliandros	123±7	255±2	59.5±3	4.3±0.3	58±2	126±2	108±2	53.5±1	0.91±0.07	5.72	59	0.48±0.05	0.92±0.07
23	Seliandros	240±5	505±2	136±3	3.7±0.1	28±2	228±2	240±2	100±1	0.21±0.02	5.85	137	0.57±0.02	1.02±0.03
24	Seliandros	310±5	730±2	160±3	4.6±0.1	28±2	300±2	280±2	130±1	0.18±0.02	5.78	161	0.52±0.02	1.02±0.02
25	Seliandros	330±5	970±2	186±3	5.2±0.1	27±2	388±2	350±2	174±1	0.14±0.01	5.92	185	0.56±0.02	1.15±0.02
26	Katharoneri	60±5	157±2	22.5±3	7.0±1.0	15±2	52±2	44±2	24.5±1	0.64±0.17	5.14	23	0.38±0.08	1.25±0.14
27	Katharoneri	70±5	212±2	37.5±3	5.7±0.5	20±2	68±2	64±2	28±1	0.53±0.09	5.63	38	0.54±0.08	1.44±0.13
28	Katharoneri	80±5	329±2	60.5±3	5.4±0.3	44±2	100±2	100±2	39.5±1	0.73±0.07	5.63	61	0.76±0.09	1.49±0.12
29	Katharoneri	105±5	325±2	84.5±3	3.9±0.2	43±2	132±2	132±2	47.5±1	0.51±0.04	5.46	84	0.80±0.07	1.49±0.09
30	Katharoneri	123±7	660±2	106±3	6.2±0.2	29±2	176±2	184±2	74±1	0.27±0.03	5.35	106	0.86±0.07	1.43±0.10
31	Katharoneri	195±5	620±2	143±3	4.3±0.1	29±2	240±2	228±2	93±1	0.21±0.02	5.45	142	0.73±0.03	1.22±0.04
32	Katharoneri	240±5	1130±2	200±3	5.7±0.1	19±2	316±2	298±2	115±1	0.10±0.01	5.37	199	0.83±0.03	1.33±0.04
33	Trikalitikos	123±7	1010±2	159±3	6.4±0.1	180±2	180±2	188±2	26±1	1.14±0.03	6.18	160	1.29±0.10	1.46±0.10

Tab.2 Values of the morphometric parameters of the valleys for each valley-cross profile drawn along the main channels of the rivers. Stream Power Index (SI), mean rock uplift rates, and mean incision rates for each location are also included

Fig.6 Cross-valley profiles at specific locations where the main channels of the rivers cut down the inner edges of the uplifted marine terraces. Cross-valley profiles were constructed using the 2×2 cell size DEM derived from detailed topographic diagrams (at a scale of 1:5,000) obtained from the Hellenic Military Geographical Service. These topographic profiles were used for calculating Vf values and mean stream incision rates. The lithology of the valley sides and valley floor is based on geological maps at a scale of 1:50,000 of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration of Greece. The names of the streams as well as the names and age ranges of the marine terraces are indicated. The age of the incised uplifted palaeo-surface for each cross valley profile is the age of the corresponding marine terrace. The locations of the valley-cross sections are depicted in Fig. 2.

Fig.7 Longitudinal profiles of the lower reaches of modern Xerias and Raizanis stream beds. Profiles of marine terrace surfaces along the west bank of the stream channels are also depicted. Stream and terrace long profiles derived from (2×2 cell size) DEM produced by 1:5,000 scale topographic maps of the Hellenic Military Geographical Service. The name and the age of each marine terrace are given. Arrows indicate the locations of the inner edges of the marine terraces. Numbers in circles correspond to the locations and the numbers of the valley-cross profiles of Fig. 6 used for the estimation of long-term stream incision rates. Diagrams above longitudinal profiles show rock uplift rates, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), and fluvial incision rates for the streams estimated from the valley-cross profiles. Right axis is the calculated uplift and incision rates; left axis is the parameter of valley floor width to valley height (Vf).

Fig.8 Longitudinal profiles of the lower reaches of the modern Zapantis and Assopos stream beds. Profiles of marine terrace surfaces along the west bank of the stream channels are also depicted. The name and the age of each marine terrace are given. Arrows indicate the locations of the inner edges of the marine terraces. Numbers in circles correspond to the locations and the numbers of the valley-cross profiles of Fig. 6 used for the estimation of long-term stream incision rates. Diagrams above longitudinal profiles show rock uplift rates, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), and fluvial incision rates for the streams estimated from the valley-cross profiles. Right axis is the calculated uplift and incision rates; left axis is the parameter of valley floor width to valley height (Vf).

Fig.9 Longitudinal profiles of the lower reaches of the modern Elisson and Seliandros stream beds. Profiles of marine terrace surfaces along the west bank of the stream channels are also depicted. The name and the age of each marine terrace are given. Arrows indicate the locations of the inner edges of the marine terraces. Numbers in circles correspond to the locations and the numbers of the valley-cross profiles of Fig. 6 used for the estimation of long-term stream incision rates. Diagrams above longitudinal profiles show rock uplift rates, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), and fluvial incision rates for the streams estimated from the valley-cross profiles. Right axis is the calculated uplift and incision rates; left axis is the parameter of valley floor width to valley height (Vf).

Fig.10 Longitudinal profiles of the lower reaches of the modern Katharoneri and Trikalitikos stream beds. Profiles of marine terrace surfaces along the west bank of the stream channels are also depicted. The name and the age of each marine terrace are given. Arrows indicate the locations of the inner edges of the marine terraces. Numbers in circles correspond to the locations and the numbers of the valley-cross profiles of Fig. 6 used for the estimation of long-term stream incision rates. Diagrams above longitudinal profiles show rock uplift rates, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), and fluvial incision rates for the streams estimated from the valley-cross profiles. Right axis is the calculated uplift and incision rates; left axis is the parameter of valley floor width to valley height (Vf).

Fig.11 Plot of ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), estimated at selected locations along the stream channels from valley-cross profiles, as a function of distance from the Xylokastro fault trace.

Fig.12 Plot of long-term incision rates estimated at selected locations along the stream channels from valley-cross profiles, as a function of distance from the Xylokastro fault trace. Different colors of the points correspond to mean incision rates estimated for various time periods.

Fig.13 Log-log plot of cumulative incision (in m) vs. measurement interval (ka). Regression lines and power law functions that describe this relation for the streams of the study area are also given.

Fig.14 Ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf) vs. mean stream incision rates for thirty-three locations along the main channels of the studied streams.

Fig.15 Plot of long-term rock uplift rates estimated at the locations of the valley-cross profiles, as a function of the distance from the Xylokastro fault trace. Different colors of the points correspond to mean rock uplift rates estimated for various time periods.

Fig.16 Rock uplift rates vs. stream incision rates for thirty-one locations along the main channels of the studied streams.

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