|
|
|
Assessing the effect of desertification controlling projects and policies in northern Shaanxi Province, China by integrating remote sensing and farmer investigation data |
Duanyang XU1( ), Alin SONG2, Xiao SONG3 |
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 3. Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract To combat desertification, the Chinese government has launched a series of Desertification Controlling Projects and Policies over the past several decades. However, the effect of these projects and policies remains controversial due to a lack of suitable methods and data to assess them. In this paper, the authors selected the farming-pastoral region of the northern Shaanxi Province in China as a sample region and attempted to assess the effect of Desertification Controlling Projects and Policies launched after 2000 by combining remote sensing and farmer investigation data. The results showed that the combination of these two complementary assessments can provide comprehensive information to support decision-making. According to the remote sensing and Net Primary Production data, the research region experienced an obvious desertification reversion between 2000 and 2010, and approximately 70% of this reversion can be explained by Desertification Controlling Projects and Policies. Farmer investigation data also indicated that these projects and policies were the dominating factor contributing to desertification reversion, and approximately 70% of investigated farmers agreed with this conclusion. However, low supervision and subsidy levels were issues that limited the policy effect. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to enhance supervision, raise subsidy levels, and develop environmental protection regulations to encourage more farmers to participate in desertification control.
|
| Keywords
desertification control
policy assessment
remote sensing
farmer investigation
China
|
|
Corresponding Author(s):
Duanyang XU
|
|
Just Accepted Date: 19 October 2016
Online First Date: 14 November 2016
Issue Date: 10 November 2017
|
|
| 1 |
S X Cao (2008). Why large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem. Environ Sci Technol, 42(6): 1826–1831
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0870597
|
| 2 |
S X Cao, L Chen, D Shankman, C Wang, X B Wang, H Zhang (2011). Excessive reliance on afforestation in China’s arid and semi-arid regions: lessons in ecological restoration. Earth Sci Rev, 104(4): 240–245
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.002
|
| 3 |
S X Cao, G S Wang, L Chen (2010). Questionable value of planting thirsty trees in dry regions. Nature, 465(7294): 31
https://doi.org/10.1038/465031d
|
| 4 |
S X Cao, C G Xu, L Chen, X Q Wang (2009). Attitude of farmers in China northern Shaanxi Province towards the land-use changes required under the Grain for Green Project, and implications for the project’s success. Land Use Policy, 26(4): 1182–1194
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.02.006
|
| 5 |
J Evans, R Geerken (2004). Discrimination between climate and human-induced dry land degradation. J Arid Environ, 57(4): 535–554
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00121-6
|
| 6 |
W Feng, A Reisner (2011). Factor influencing private and public environmental protection behaviors: results from a survey of residents in Shaanxi, China. J Environ Manage, 92(3): 429–436
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.002
|
| 7 |
C B Field, J T Randerson, C M Malmstrom (1995). Global net primary production: combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ, 51(1): 74–88
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00066-V
|
| 8 |
R Geerken, M Ilaiwi (2004). Assessment of rangeland degradation and development of a strategy for rehabilitation. Remote Sens Environ, 90(4): 490–504
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.01.015
|
| 9 |
Y F Hu, J Y Liu, Y Q Qi, H D Shi (2010). Positivist analysis on the effects of ecological projects in the farming-pastoral transition belt of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Geogr Res, 29(8): 1452–1460 (in Chinese)
|
| 10 |
L Huang, T Xiao, Z P Zhao, C Y Sun, J Y Liu, Q Q Shao, J W Fan, J B Wang (2013). Effects of grassland restoration programs on ecosystems in arid and semiarid China. J Environ Manage, 117(15): 268–275
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.040
|
| 11 |
M Lemon, R Seaton (1999). Policy relevant research: the nature of the problem. In: Lemon M, ed. Exploring Environmental Changing Using an Integrative Method. Reading: Gordon and Breach, 1–16
|
| 12 |
S Liu, P Gong (2012). Change of surface cover greenness in China between 2000 and 2010. Chin Sci Bull, 57(22): 2835–2845
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5267-z
|
| 13 |
T J Liu, C Liu, H Liu, S Wang, Q J Rong, W Q Zhu (2014). Did the key priority forestry programs affect income inequality in rural China? Land Use Policy, 38: 264–275
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.11.016
|
| 14 |
X H Liu (2008). Comment on “Why large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem”. Environ Sci Technol, 42(21): 8165
https://doi.org/10.1021/es801718q
|
| 15 |
Y Q Liu, J Stanturf, H Q Lu (2008). Modeling the potential of the northern china forest shelterbelt in improving hydro climate conditions. J Am Water Resour Assoc, 44(5): 1176–1192
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00240.x
|
| 16 |
Z Liu, K B Zhang, Q Lin, eds. (2006). Strategys of combating desertification in China. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press
|
| 17 |
M Mortimore, B Turner (2005). Does the sahelian smallholder’s management of woodland, farm trees, rangeland support the hypothesis of human-induced desertification? J Arid Environ, 63(3): 567–595
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.005
|
| 18 |
S J Mu, S X Zhou, Y Z Chen, J L Li, W M Ju, I O A Odeh (2013). Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland, China. Global Planet Change, 108: 29–41
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.06.007
|
| 19 |
J J Oñate , B Peco (2005). Policy impact on desertification: stakeholders’ perceptions in southeast Spain. Land Use Policy, 22(2): 103–114
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.01.002
|
| 20 |
D P C Peters, K M Havstad (2006). Nonlinear dynamics in arid and semi-arid systems: interactions among drivers and processes across scales. J Arid Environ, 65(2): 196–206
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.05.010
|
| 21 |
C S Potter, J T Randerson, C B Field, P A Matson, P M Vitousek, H A Mooney, S A Klooster (1993). Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochem Cycles, 7(4): 811–841
https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02725
|
| 22 |
S D Prince (2002). Spatial and temporal scales for detection of desertification. In: Reynolds J F, Stafford Smith D M, eds. Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts? Berlin: Dahlem University Press
|
| 23 |
Y B Qi, Q R Chang, K L Jia, M Y Liu, J Liu, T Chen (2012). Temporal-spatial variability of desertification in an agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern Shaanxi Province, China. Catena, 88(1): 37–45
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.08.003
|
| 24 |
M S Reed (2008). Stakeholder participation for environment management: a literature review. Biol Conserv, 141(10): 2417–2431
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
|
| 25 |
M C Runnstrom (2000). Is northern China winning the battle against desertification? Satellite remote sensing as a tool to study biomass trend on the Ordos Plateau in semiarid China. Ambio, 29: 468–476
|
| 26 |
S Sjögersten, C Atkin, M L Clarke, S J Mooney, H M West (2013). Response to climate change and farming policies by rural communities in northern China: a report on field observation and farmers’ perception in dryland north Shaanxi and Ningxia. Land Use Policy, 32: 125–133
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.09.014
|
| 27 |
State Forestry Administration of China (2011). The 4th public report of the desertification and sandy desertification in China.
|
| 28 |
F L Tao, M Yokozawa, Z Zhang, Y L Xu, Y Hayashi (2005). Remote sensing of crop production in China by production efficiency models: models comparisons, estimate and uncertainties. Ecol Modell, 183(4): 385–396
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.08.023
|
| 29 |
UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) (1994). United Nations convention to combat desertification in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. A/AC, Paris, 241/27
|
| 30 |
S R Verón, J M Paruelo, M Oesterheld (2006). Assessing desertification. J Arid Environ, 66(4): 751–763
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.01.021
|
| 31 |
M Visser, N Maughan, A Ouled Belgacem, M Neffati (2011). Stakeholder views on restoring depleted cereal fallows in arid Tunisia: societal barriers and possible crevices. J Arid Environ, 75(11): 1191–1200
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.033
|
| 32 |
F Wang, X B Pan, D F Wang, C Y Shen, Q Lu (2013). Combating desertification in China: past, present and future. Land Use Policy, 31: 311–313
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.07.010
|
| 33 |
T Wang, X Song, C Z Yan, S Li, J L Xie (2011). Remote sensing analysis on aeolian desertification trends in northern China during 1975–2010. J Desert Res, 31(6): 1351–1356 (in Chinese)
|
| 34 |
T Wang, W Wu, X Xue, Q W Sun, G T Chen (2004). Study of spatial distribution of sandy desertification in north China in recent 10 years. Sci China Earth Sci, 47: 78–88
https://doi.org/10.1360/04zd0009
|
| 35 |
X H Wang, C H Lu, J F Fang, Y C Shen (2007). Implications for development of grain-for-green policy based on cropland suitability evaluation in desertification-affected north China. Land Use Policy, 24(2): 417–424
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2006.05.005
|
| 36 |
X M Wang, C X Zhang, E Hasi, Z B Dong (2010). Has the Three Norths Forest Shelterbelt Program solved the desertification and dust storm problems in arid and semiarid China? J Arid Environ, 74(1): 13–22
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.001
|
| 37 |
K J Wessels, S D Prince, P E Frost, van D Zyl (2004). Assessing the effects of human-induced land degradation in the former homelands of northern South Africa with a 1 km AVHRR NDVI time-series. Remote Sens Environ, 91(1): 47–67
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.005
|
| 38 |
K J Wessels, S D Prince, J Malherbe, J Small, P E Frost, D van Zyl (2007). Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability? A case study in South Africa. J Arid Environ, 68(2): 271–297
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.015
|
| 39 |
Z T Wu, J J Wu, J H Liu, B He, T J Lei, Q F Wang (2013). Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity of ecological restoration program in the Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Region of China. Ecol Eng, 52: 37–50
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.040
|
| 40 |
D Y Xu, X W Kang, Z L Liu, D F Zhuang, J J Pan (2009). Assessing the relative role of climate change and human activity in sandy desertification of Ordos region, China. Sci China Earth Sci, 52(6): 855–868
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0079-y
|
| 41 |
D Y Xu, X W Kang, D F Zhuang, J J Pan (2010). Multi-scale quantitative assessment of the relative roles of climate change and human activity in desertification—A case study of the Ordos Plateau, China. J Arid Environ, 74(4): 498–507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.030
|
| 42 |
D Y Xu, C L Li, X Song, H Y Ren (2014). The dynamics of desertification in the farming-pastoral region of North China over the past 10 years and their relationship to climate change and human activity. Catena, 123: 11–22
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.07.004
|
| 43 |
J Xu, R Yi, Z Li, C Liu (2006). China’s ecological rehabilitation: unprecedented efforts, dramatic impacts, and requisite policies. Ecol Econ, 57(4): 595–607
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.008
|
| 44 |
W Z Yan, S Hua (2011). A strategy study on the environmental production of the energy and chemical industry base in northern Shaanxi. Energy Procedia, 5: 969–973
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.171
|
| 45 |
X Yang, K Zhang, B Jia, L Ci (2005). Desertification assessment in China: an overview. J Arid Environ, 63(2): 517–531
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.032
|
| 46 |
X H Yang, L J Ci (2008). Comment on “Why large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem”. Environ Sci Technol, 42(20): 7722–7723
https://doi.org/10.1021/es8011194
|
| 47 |
Y S Yin, G P Yin (2010). China’s primary programs of terrestrial ecosystem restoration: initiation, implementation, and challenges. Environ Manage, 45(3): 429–441
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9373-x
|
| 48 |
C X Zhang, X M Wang, J C Li, T Hua (2011). Roles of climate changes and human interventions in land degradation: a case study by net primary productivity analysis in China’s Shiyanghe Basin. Environ Earth Sci, 64(8): 2183–2193
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1046-4
|
| 49 |
G L Zhang, J W Dong, X M Xiao, Z M Hu, S Sheldon (2012). Effectiveness of ecological restoration projects in Horqin Sandy Land, China based on SPOT-VGT NDVI data. Ecol Eng, 38(1): 20–29
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.09.005
|
| 50 |
H L Zhou, A Van Rompaey, J A Wang (2009). Detecting the impact of the “Grain for Green” program on the mean annual vegetation cover in the Shaanxi province, China using SPOT-VGT NDVI data. Land Use Policy, 26(4): 954–960
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.11.006
|
| 51 |
W Zhou, C C Gang, F C Zhou, J L Li, X G Dong, C Z Zhao (2015). Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator. Ecol Indic, 48: 560–569
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.043
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|