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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2018, Vol. 12 Issue (3) : 569-582    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-018-0677-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of trace metal contamination in groundwater in a highly urbanizing area of Shenfu New District, Northeast China
Yintao LU1,2, Xinghua ZANG1,2, Hong YAO1,2(), Shichao ZHANG1,2, Shaobin SUN1,2, Fang LIU1,2
1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing 100044, China
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Abstract

Shenfu New District, located between two old industrial cities, Shenyang and Fushun, is a typical area undergoing industrialization and urbanization in China. The sources and distributions of heavy metals were analyzed in groundwater by multivariate analysis and GIS, and the impact of urbanization on the aqueous distribution of these metals was investigated. The results indicated that the mean contents of zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the wet periods were about two times of those in the dry period. Nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) were considered to be associated with the same anthropogenic origins (i.e., wastewater from agricultural processing). The concentration of Zn was high under natural conditions, but was also affected by human activities (e.g., wastewater from foundry and instrument manufacturers). As, Cd, and Pb are likely derived from both anthropogenic and natural sources (agricultural and water-rock interactions). The spatial distributions of heavy metals in groundwater were region-specific, with the highest concentrations mostly along the Hun River. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) values from the dry and wet periods showed similar trends at different sampling sites. Only one site’s HPI was above the critical value of 100. These results provide information that can be used to understand potential threats to the groundwater resources of other developing cities.
Keywords heavy metals      groundwater pollution      hydrochemical type      spatial distribution      seasonal variation      risk assessment     
Corresponding Author(s): Hong YAO   
Online First Date: 15 January 2018    Issue Date: 05 September 2018
 Cite this article:   
Yintao LU,Xinghua ZANG,Hong YAO, et al. Assessment of trace metal contamination in groundwater in a highly urbanizing area of Shenfu New District, Northeast China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2018, 12(3): 569-582.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-018-0677-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2018/V12/I3/569
Fig.1  Sampling site locations.
Fig.2  Aquifer information and sediment profile in the study area. (a) The aquifer in the mountainous region in the north contains carbonate rock, composed of limestone and calcite. (b) Sediment profile of the profile point.
Item Dry period (n=54) 　 Wet period (n=54)
Min Mean Max SD CV Min Mean Max SD CV
pH 6.02 6.96 7.71 0.42 6 　 6.37 7.09 8.77 0.37 5.3
EC/(mS·cm−1) 39.5 286.34 537 97.43 34 48.6 161.55 342 76.19 47.2
Salinity 70.8 137.81 255 44.33 32.2 23 76.42 164 36.36 47.58
ORP/(mV) –55.10 NA 43.7 NA NA –73.10 NA 39.3 NA NA
Cr/(mg·L−1) 8.52 11.64 21.15 2.23 19.2 4.73 7.03 14.24 1.88 26.68
Ni/(mg·L−1) 2.24 5.29 47.94 6.06 114.49 1.03 3.4 31.16 4.48 131.65
Zn/(mg·L−1) 0.71 12.28 98.35 21.76 177.14 2.65 35.44 607.4 101.54 286.51
As/(mg·L−1) 1.09 2.3 3.49 0.51 22.36 2.52 3.36 4.66 0.48 14.37
Cd/(mg·L−1) 0.17 0.61 0.84 0.08 13.49 1 1.01 1.07 0.01 1.24
Pb/(mg·L−1) 1.98 3.62 25.46 3.18 87.97 7.26 7.66 9.01 0.32 4.21
K/(mg·L−1) 0.75 2.99 15.65 2.73 91.46 0.32 2.48 19.81 4.57 184.25
Ca/(mg·L−1) 32.1 66.51 132.7 24.84 37.35 1.21 45.63 166.7 40.82 89.45
Na/(mg·L−1) 5.09 22.31 65.34 11.4 51.1 2.11 16.38 83.18 19.45 118.71
Mg/(mg·L−1) 7.47 21.12 50.84 8.84 41.84 3.02 15.54 47.36 12.84 82.59
Cl−/(mg·L−1) 29 153.2 784.19 125.01 81.6 2.3 39.57 358.47 55.67 140.68
SO42−/(mg·L−1) 31.09 211.09 682.77 122.02 57.8 5.04 61.24 450.61 63.57 103.8
HCO3−/(mg·L−1) 168.275 287.69 366.58 56.67 19.7 　 93.28 211.21 291.58 56.18 26.6
Tab.1  The concentration of some groundwater properties
Fig.3  Plot of major ions on a Piper diagram for dry and wet seasons. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.4  Plot of total dissolved solids vs. relative cations for water in dry and wet seasons (Gibbs plot). (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Heavy metals/(mg·L−1) USEPA (2012) PCD (2000) WHO (2011) GB 5749-2006
(2006)
Cr 100 50 50 50
Ni NA 20 70 20
Zn 5000 5000 NA 1000
As 10 10 10 10
Cd 5 3 3 5
Pb 15 10 10 10
Tab.2  Drinking groundwater standard
Fig.5  Distribution of Cr in ground water in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.6  Distribution of Ni in ground water in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.7  Distribution of Zn in ground water in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.8  Distribution of As in ground water in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.9  Distribution of Cd in ground water in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.10  Distribution of Pb in ground water in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Cr Ni Zn As Cd Pb Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42– Cl– ORP EC pH SAL
Dry
Period		 Cr 1
Ni 0.62** 1
Zn –0.03 0.08 1
As –0.01 0.01 0.01 1
Cd –0.56** –0.40** 0.05 0.13 1
Pb –0.08 0.01 –0.05 –0.08 0.08 1
Ca2+ –0.16 –0.11 0.11 –0.10 0.07 –0.10 1
Mg2+ 0.09 0.10 0.00 –0.12 0.01 0.25 0.43** 1
SO42– 0.00 0.07 0.15 0.11 –0.07 0.10 –0.01 0.05 1
Cl– –0.02 0.12 0.09 0.02 –0.01 0.08 0.03 0.12 0.82** 1
ORP 0.04 0.28* 0.14 –0.26 0.01 0.19 0.14 0.29* 0.11 0.18 1
EC 0.09 0.41** –0.06 0.31* –0.04 –0.07 –0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.30* 1
pH 0.00 –0.07 –0.18 0.23 –0.11 –0.12 –0.18 –0.26 –0.19 –0.20 –0.91** –0.26 1
SAL 0.12 0.43** 0.24 0.35* –0.02 –0.07 0.06 –0.03 0.13 0.08 0.43** 0.86** –0.42** 1
Wet
Period		 Cr 1
Ni –0.02 1
Zn –0.07 –0.03 1
As 0.45** 0.23 –0.01 1
Cd 0.06 0.47** 0.21 0.14 1
Pb 0.10 0.03 –0.06 0.02 0.29* 1
Ca2+ –0.20 0.39** –0.13 0.08 0.50** 0.13 1
Mg2+ –0.38** 0.35* –0.16 –0.07 0.28* 0.04 0.75** 1
SO42– –0.05 0.10 –0.05 0.10 0.17 0.00 0.18 0.06 1
Cl– –0.03 0.35* –0.08 0.20 0.30* 0.13 0.36** 0.18 0.88** 1
ORP 0.01 0.20 0.02 0.04 0.26 –0.04 0.47** 0.15 0.46** 0.45** 1
EC –0.32* 0.53** –0.10 0.06 0.50** 0.08 0.82** 0.81** 0.25 0.40** 0.34* 1
pH –0.05 –0.19 –0.05 –0.05 –0.27 0.05 –0.48** –0.21 –0.38** –0.40** –0.94** –0.33* 1
SAL –0.32* 0.53** –0.10 0.07 0.50** 0.07 0.82** 0.81** 0.24 0.39** 0.33* 0.99** –0.33* 1
Tab.3  Pearson’s correlation matrix for the concentrations of heavy metals and groundwater properties
Fig.11  Tree diagram for six variables of ground water both in dry and wet periods. (a) Dry season; (b) wet season.
Fig.12  Spatial distribution of the heavy metal pollution index.
Metals MiD MiW Si Ii Unit Weightage
(Wi)		 Sub-index
(QiD)		 Sub-index
(QiW)		 WiQiD WiQiW
Cr 11.64 7.03 100 50 0.010 76.72 85.94 0.7672 0.8594
Ni 5.29 3.40 70 20 0.014 29.42 33.20 0.4119 0.4648
Zn 12.28 35.44 5000 1000 0.0002 24.69 24.11 0.0049 0.0048
As 2.30 3.36 10 - 0.100 23.00 33.60 2.3000 3.3600
Cd 0.61 1.01 5 3 0.200 119.50 99.50 23.9000 19.9000
Pb 3.62 7.66 15 10 0.067 127.60 46.80 8.5492 3.1356
Tab.4  HPI calculations for ground water of Shenfu New District
Site Cr/(mg·L−1) Ni/(mg·L−1) Zn/(mg·L−1) As/(mg·L−1) Cd/(mg·L−1) Pb/(mg·L−1) References
Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean
Hong Kong, China 0.60–5.12 1.12 NA NA 7.39–92.39 40.83 0.12–17.49 2.65 0.01–1.18 0.14 0.03–6.67 0.74 Leung Jiao (2006)
Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand 0.29–2.14 0.58 1.34–15.6 6.13 6.94–302 63.4 0.25–6.44 1.06 0.13–0.23 0.15 0.95–66.90 16.7 Wongsasuluk et al. (2014)
Berkshire, UK <1.00 <1.00 2.00–11.00 3.00 1.30–34.00 9.90 1.00–4.00 2.00 <2.00 <2.00 2.00–10.00 6.40 Edmunds et al. (2003)
Yaoundé 640–1330 920 250–630 440 NA NA NA NA 0–80 27.50 280–340 307.50 Defo et al.(2015)
Yellow River NA NA 0–26.00 4.00 5.00–61400 7400 NA NA NA NA 0–10.00 3.00 Sun et al.
(2017)
Shenfu New District 4.73–21.15 9.32 1.03–47.94 4.35 0.71–607.40 24.15 1.09–4.66 2.83 0.17–1.07 0.81 1.98–25.46 5.64 This study
Tab.5  Concentration ranges and mean values of heavy metals in groundwater from different areas
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