Characteristics and formation mechanism of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Changning area, South Sichuan Basin, southwest China

doi:10.1007/s11707-020-0868-3

Front. Earth Sci.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (4) : 754-769 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-020-0868-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Characteristics and formation mechanism of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Changning area, South Sichuan Basin, southwest China

Gaoxiang WANG^1,², Lei CHEN¹(

), Yang YANG³, Cui JING³, Man CHEN³, Xiucheng TAN¹, Xin CHEN¹, Di CAO¹, Zibo WEI¹, Minglong LI¹, Dong HUANG^4,^5,⁶

¹. School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
². PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051, China
³. Sichuan Changning Natural Gas Development Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610051, China
⁴. Shale Gas Evaluation and Exploitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610091, China
⁵. Technology Innovation Center of Shale Gas Exploration and Development in Complex Structural Areas (Ministry of Natural Resources), Chengdu 610091, China
⁶. Sichuan Keyuan Testing Center of Engineering Technology, Chengdu 610091, China

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Abstract

The Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation is generally dominated by siliceous shale, but recently we found some siltstone-mudstone rhythm sections developed in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation. The study of formation mechanism of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections may provide new insights into the shale sedimentary environment. Therefore, we studied the characteristics and formation mechanism of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation in the Changning area based on core observation, thin section identification, major elements and trace elements analysis. The results show the following: 1) Two siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections are characterized by frequent interbed between black or gray-black shale and light gray siltstone, abundant argillaceous laminas and silty laminas, with obvious lithological boundaries having developed. Horizontal laminas and rhythmic laminas are well-developed in the shale layer, while the wavy laminas are well-developed in the siltstone layer. 2) The major compositional elements are SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and CaO, followed by Fe₂O₃, MgO, K₂O and Na₂O. 3) Compared with the world average shale, these siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections are rich in Mo, U and Ba, but less in V, Co, Ni, Cu. Compared with the shale layer, the siltstone layer has lower contents of V, Co and Ni. 4). The geochemical redox indices, Mo-U and CIA values suggest the formation of the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections are related to influences from bottom currents in an oxic condition with a warm and humid paleoclimate.

Keywords shale Longmaxi Formation bottom current deposit Sichuan Basin

Corresponding Author(s): Lei CHEN

Online First Date: 01 June 2021 Issue Date: 20 January 2022

Cite this article:

Gaoxiang WANG,Lei CHEN,Yang YANG, et al. Characteristics and formation mechanism of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Changning area, South Sichuan Basin, southwest China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2021, 15(4): 754-769.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-020-0868-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/754

Fig.1 (a) The thickness contour of the Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and the location of the drilling wells N1, N2 and N3 (Guo and Zhang, 2014). (b) Lithology column of the Wufeng Formation to the Longmaxi Formation in the N1 well.

Fig.2 Macroscopic characteristics of the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well. (a): Section-A, 2453.93?2454.25 m; (b): Section-B, 2460.96?2461.54 m.

Fig.3 Macroscopic characteristics of the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N2 well and N3 well. (a): Horizontal laminas developed in shale layer, 3124.63?3124.93 m, N2 well; (b).:Wave laminas developed in siltstone layer, 3105.04-3105.30 m, N2 well; (c): Shale and siltstone are in direct sharp contact, 3131.17?3131.52 m, N2 well; (d): Silty strips had developed in high frequency, 2063.15?2063.42 m, N3 well.

Fig.4 Sedimentary structures of the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well. (a) Rhythmic laminas developed in shale layer, 2453.93?2453.99 m. (b) Boulder-clays developed in siltstone layer, 2454.05?2454.12 m. (c) Shale and siltstone in gradual contact. Silty lenticle developed in silty mudstone, and obvious gradation from coarser to finer, 2461.08?2461.14 m. (d) Wave laminas developed in the siltstone layer, 2450.11?2540.13 m. (e) The flamelike structure developed in the top of shale layer, 2454.17?2454.19 m. (f) Wave laminas developed in siltstone layer, with thickness ranging from 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm. A small scouring surface can be observed at the bottom of siltstone. Siltstone in abrupt contact with shale, showing wavy interface, 2461.04?2461.09 m. (g) Oblique interface between siltstone and shale can be found, 2461.13?2461.17 m.

Fig.5 Thin section showing characteristics of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well. (a) Horizontal rhythmic laminas developed and silty laminas are thick, with thickness reaching up to about 1.5 mm. Silty laminas gradually thickened from the bottom up. Argillaceous laminas are thin, with thickness about 0.5 mm, 2453.96 m. (b) Obvious boundary between shale and siltstone, 2454.05 m. (c) Silty boulder-clays and silty laminas in argillaceous siltstone and the thickness of silty laminas are about 1.5 mm, 2454.08 m. (d) Flamelike structure and argillaceous lenticle were found in the shale, and the size of the lenticle was about 2 × 0.5 mm, 2454.17 m. (e) Argillaceous horizontal laminas developed with a thickness about 0.25 mm, 2460.98 m. (f) Wavy boundary between siltstone and shale, and bioturbated structures can be seen in siltstone, 2461.07 m. (g) Lithologic interface of shale and siltstone is oblique crossing, 2461.16 m. (h) Horizontal rhythmic laminas. Thickness of the argillaceous laminas are uniform with thickness about 0.3 mm, while the silty laminas show a gradually thinning trend from the bottom up with thickness between 1 mm and 2 mm, 2161.48 m.

Fig.6 Sedimentary sequences of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well.

Tab.1 Statistics of major elements in the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation of N1 well

Fig.7 Vertical variations of Al-standardized trace elements of Section-A in Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation of N1 well.

Fig.8 Vertical variations of Al-standardized trace elements of Section-B in Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation.

Sample	Depth/m	Lithology	V	Co	Ni	Cu	Rb	Sr	Mo	Ba	Th	U	Cr
A-1	2454.00	shale	88.10	10.40	34.50	25.90	148.00	155.00	5.04	773.00	15.80	3.92	64.50
A-2	2454.03	siltstone	27.90	3.82	15.60	9.38	43.30	304.00	3.14	325.00	8.48	1.87	30.90
A-3	2454.08	shale	55.50	8.57	25.60	16.10	91.30	236.00	3.57	524.00	10.70	2.29	44.10
A-4	2454.12	shale	85.40	12.90	33.10	20.50	126.00	187.00	3.99	716.00	14.00	3.25	60.40
A-5	2454.18	shale	28.40	4.35	11.80	14.60	46.00	262.00	1.64	358.00	8.76	2.18	21.90
A-6	2454.19	shale	77.10	10.70	33.80	29.00	129.00	187.00	4.87	693.00	18.40	4.06	63.00
A-7	2454.21	shale	80.70	11.40	39.00	25.40	157.00	150.00	5.40	861.00	18.00	4.05	345.00
Average			63.30	8.88	27.63	20.13	105.80	211.57	3.95	607.14	13.45	3.09	89.97
Sample	Depth/m	Lithology	V	Co	Ni	Cu	Rb	Sr	Mo	Ba	Th	U	Cr
B-1	2461.02	shale	63.90	10.50	34.40	21.70	131.00	179.00	3.87	730.00	15.60	4.22	530.00
B-2	2461.06	siltstone	27.50	5.14	15.50	11.60	69.80	274.00	1.62	551.00	7.89	1.78	311.00
B-3	2461.11	shale	22.10	6.16	18.10	10.20	60.10	294.00	1.18	577.00	6.53	1.45	209.00
B-4	2461.14	shale	30.70	5.22	14.70	10.10	88.50	253.00	1.30	631.00	7.56	1.58	249.00
B-5	2461.17	siltstone	13.50	3.09	9.83	8.00	49.50	283.00	1.04	666.00	6.66	1.33	217.00
B-6	2461.21	siltstone	18.00	3.06	8.52	7.11	52.50	302.00	1.21	517.00	7.81	1.40	161.00
B-7	2461.24	siltstone	17.40	3.02	9.20	6.79	53.20	306.00	1.31	519.00	6.85	1.36	168.00
B-8	2461.35	siltstone	19.00	3.23	11.20	10.00	53.30	302.00	1.50	495.00	7.59	1.56	145.00
B-9	2461.40	siltstone	34.10	5.92	15.50	14.10	74.70	230.00	1.72	502.00	10.90	2.74	220.00
B-10	2461.44	shale	77.20	9.10	32.70	21.10	144.00	140.00	3.31	726.00	16.10	3.89	325.00
Average			32.34	5.44	16.97	12.07	77.66	256.30	1.81	591.40	9.35	2.13	253.50

Tab.2 Statistics of trace elements in the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well

Fig.9 Redox index and CIA values of the Section-A in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well.

Fig.10 Redox index and CIA values of Section-B in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well.

Fig.11 Cross plot of Mo-EF versus U-EF for the siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation from the N1 well. Particulate shuttle and redox fields from Algeo and Tribovillard (2009).

Fig.12 Sedimentary model of siltstone-mudstone rhythmic sedimentary sections in the Lower Member of the Longmaxi Formation of Changning area.

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