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Geochemical investigation of low latitude black shale intervals of the Lower to Middle Jurassic succession, Indus Basin, Pakistan |
Fahad ALI1,2, Shiqi ZHANG1( ), Muhammad HANIF3, Mohibullah MOHIBULLAH4, Yaxuan ZHANG5, Muhammad USMAN1, Sheng WANG6, Xueliang LIU6, Pengjie MA1, Dongmou HUANG1 |
1. School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
2. Department of Geology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24430, Pakistan
3. National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
4. Department of Geology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
5. School of geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK
6. Lukeqin Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Tuha Oilfield, Turpan City 828202, China |
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Abstract The Lower to Middle Jurassic sedimentary succession is dominated by siliciclastics with a significant amount of black shales in the Indus Basin, Pakistan. Several outcrop samples have been studied using an integrated approach to interpret the conceptual depositional setting from carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C & δ18O), organic geochemistry, and palynofacies with major and trace element analysis. For interpretation of trace element data, various single and elemental ratios have been used in this research to unlock the geological history of the studied strata. Ti/Al is 1.96 for high-potential source rock and 7.82 for non-potential source rock, and Cr (less than 1) indicates low clastic input with low oxygen for stratified and stagnant water. The ratios of V/(V+ Cr), V/(V+ Ni), V/Mo, V/Ni, (Cu+ Mo)/Zn, Mo/Al, isotopic values of δ13C and δ18O and besides the V/Cr elemental ratio, all proxies indicate that there are oxygen-depleted anoxic conditions at high potentials, while in non-potential source rock, these ratios show oxic to sub-oxic settings. In addition to the trace element correlation with total organic carbon, the influx of organic matter is determined by the palynoafacies analysis, which indicates mixed terrestrial and marine organic influx in high-potential source rock and vice versa. Furthermore, the studies of palynofaceis DFPF A-D and SFPF A-B suggest that the depositional setting of black shale occurred in the anoxic proximal to distal shelf. The results suggest that the regional and local occurrence of black shale during the Lower to Middle Jurassic and its geological condition were addressed, and these play an important role in its depositional and paleooceanographic setting in the Eastern Tethys.
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| Keywords
black shale
Jurassic
trace elements
organic matter
Indus Basin
Pakistan
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Corresponding Author(s):
Shiqi ZHANG
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Online First Date: 27 January 2022
Issue Date: 29 December 2022
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