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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (4) : 1040-1051    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-0973-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exploring complex urban growth and land use efficiency in China’s developed regions: implications for territorial spatial planning
Xiaolu TANG1, Li SHENG2, Yinkang ZHOU1()
1. School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Abstract

Developed regions in China have experienced rapid urban expansion and have consequently induced a series of challenging environmental issues since its economic reform and opening-up. Taking Zhejiang as a case study area, the present paper explores the complex types of urban growth over the last four decades as well as land use efficiency. Moreover, it discusses the implications of the aforementioned on China National territorial spatial planning (TSP). The acquired results have shown that: 1) urban expansion has slowed down, exhibiting a three-stage trend of “slight increase (1980−1990)—dramatic growth (1990−2010)—slow growth (after 2010)”; 2) the complex types of urban growth reveal that the urban diffusion has been gradually controlled and the urban form tends to be more condensed; and 3) the mean values for pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) of urban land use are 0.83 and 0.95 respectively, indicating PTE as the main factor restricting the improvement of urban land use. Based on these results, some beneficial policy implications and suggestions for TSP are provided. First, it is suggested that “Inventory Planning” will be the main direction of TSP other than “Incremental Planning”. Secondly, we should pay more attention to the protection of cultivated land and ecological resources. Lastly, TSP should guide the economic growth away from simply relying on resource inputs and steer it toward technology and capital investment.
Keywords urban expansion      urban growth types      land use efficiency      Zhejiang      territorial spatial planning     
Corresponding Author(s): Yinkang ZHOU   
Online First Date: 19 September 2022    Issue Date: 11 January 2023
 Cite this article:   
Xiaolu TANG,Li SHENG,Yinkang ZHOU. Exploring complex urban growth and land use efficiency in China’s developed regions: implications for territorial spatial planning[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2022, 16(4): 1040-1051.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-022-0973-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2022/V16/I4/1040
Fig.1  Location of the study area DEM of Zhejiang.
Fig.2  Schematic representation of the urban area delimitation method.
1980?1990 1990?2000 2000?2010 2010?2017
Expansion rate 23% 100% 89% 22%
Annual expansion area/km2 31.9 172.9 307.9 209.6
Tab.1  The expansion rate and annual expansion area of Zhejiang’s urban area in the four periods
Fig.3  Zhejiang’s land-urbanization rate and population-urbanization rate over the last four decades.
Metrics 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017
TA/km2 1410 1729 3458 6537 8004
NP 298 351 548 782 894
MPA/km2 4.73 4.92 6.31 8.36 8.95
SHAPE_AM 2.61 2.66 3.50 3.48 3.55
ENN_AM/km 2.85 2.89 1.64 1.06 0.93
Tab.2  The five selected metrics of urban areas for Zhejiang from 1980 to 2017
Fig.4  Spatial distribution of the complex types of urban growth for Zhejiang in the four periods. (a) 1980?1990, (b) 1990?2000, (c) 2000?2010 and (d) 2010?2017.
Fig.5  Composition ratio of patch number (PN) and patch area (PA) for the complex types of urban growth during the four periods: (a) PA and (b) PN.
Fig.6  Distribution of land input-output technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency (SE) of Zhejiang’s 63 county-level cities in 2017.
Fig.7  The scatter diagram of land input-output pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE). (PTE and SE are divided into low-efficiency (0.55?0.70], medium-efficiency (0.70?0.85] and high-efficiency (0.85?1.0]. Correspondingly, 63 county level cities located in five zones).
Zones Cities Number Explanation
High-High Hangzhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Chunan, Jinyun, Longquan, Ninghai, Panan, Pujiang, Qintian, Ruian, Shensi, Songyang, Suichang, Taishun, Wencheng, Wuyi, Xinchang, Yongjia, Yongkang, Yuhuan, Yunhe 22/63 Both PTE and SE are the highest, reflecting these cities have relatively efficient urban land use
Medium-High Jinhua, Zhoushan, Lishui, Anji, Cangnan, Deqing, Dongyang, Jiashan, Jiande, Jiangshan, Lanxi, Yueqing, Linhai, Longyou, Pinghu, Pingyang, Sanmen, Shenzhou, Tiantai, Tonglu, Tongxiang, Wenling, Xianju, Xiangshan, Zhuji 25/63 SE is the highest, indicating these cities operate on the most appropriate scale. However, the PTE is at the medium level, reflecting the resource allocation needs to be further optimized.
Low-High Huzhou, Jiaxing, Quzhou, Taizhou, Wenzhou, Daishan, Haining, Yuyao, Changxin 9/63 PTE is the lowest while SE is the highest, indicating these cities have highly considered the development of urban incremental space while ignoring the integration and optimization of urban stock space.
High-Medium Haiyan, Jingning, Kaihua, Qinyuan, Yiwu 5/63 PTE is at a high level, indicating these cities allocate reasonable resources into urban land use. However, SE is at a relative low level, illustrating that these cities do not operate on the most appropriate scale.
Medium-Medium Cixi, Changshan 2/63 Both the PTE and SE need to be improved.
Tab.3  Explanations for land input-output efficiency zones
Fig.8  Slack of urban land, capital and labor in 63 county-level cities.
Fig.9  The relationship between the urban areas per capita and GDP per capita.
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