Impacts of cloud radiative processes on the convective and stratiform rainfall associated with Typhoon Fitow (2013)

doi:10.1007/s11707-022-0982-5

Front. Earth Sci.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (4) : 1052-1060 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-0982-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impacts of cloud radiative processes on the convective and stratiform rainfall associated with Typhoon Fitow (2013)

Huiyan XU, Dengrong ZHANG(

)

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China

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Abstract

The three-dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to conduct sensitivity experiments during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013) to examine the impacts of cloud radiative processes on thermal balance. The vertical profiles of heat budgets, vertical velocity, and stability were analyzed to examine the physical processes responsible for cloud radiative effects on surface rainfall for Typhoon Fitow (2013). The inclusion of clouds reduced radiative cooling in ice and liquid cloud layers by reducing outgoing radiation. The suppressed radiative cooling reduced from the ice cloud layers to liquid cloud layers. This was conducive to reducing instability. The decreased instability was associated with the reduced upward motions. The reduced upward motion led to a decreased vertical mass convergence. Consequently, heat divergence was weakened to warm the atmosphere. Together with suppressed radiative cooling, these effects jointly suppressed net condensation and rainfall. Furthermore, the reduced rainfall due to the cloud radiative effects were mainly associated with the reduced convective and stratiform rainfall. The reduced convective rainfall was associated with the reduced net condensation, while the reduced stratiform rainfall was related to the constraint of hydrometeor convergence.

Keywords heat budget radiative cooling heat divergence latent heat release typhoon

Corresponding Author(s): Dengrong ZHANG

Online First Date: 26 September 2022 Issue Date: 11 January 2023

Cite this article:

Huiyan XU,Dengrong ZHANG. Impacts of cloud radiative processes on the convective and stratiform rainfall associated with Typhoon Fitow (2013)[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2022, 16(4): 1052-1060.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-022-0982-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2022/V16/I4/1052

Fig.1 Vertical profiles of differences in temperature tendency (F_loc; blue) and its tendency due to heat divergence (F_hd; red), sensible heat (F_pbl; green), latent heat (F_mp; black) and radiative processes (F_rad; orange) between the control experiment and the sensitivity experiment. Unit is °C·d^?1.

Tab.1 WRF Model setup

Tab.2 Daily and model domain means of surface rain rate (P_S), net condensation (Q_NC), and hydrometeor convergence/divergence (Q_CM) for surface rainfall in CTL, and NCR, and their differences (CTL?NCR)

Fig.2 Vertical profiles of differences in the heat flux divergence (F_hd; red) and its components: divergence of horizontal heat flux (xytend; orange) and divergence of vertical heat flux (ztend; blue) between the control experiment and the sensitivity experiment. Unit is °C·d^?1.

Fig.3 Vertical profiles of differences in vertical heat flux divergence (ztend; black; °C·d^?1), interaction between mean temperature and mean vertical divergence (

z t e n d 2

; red; °C·d^?1), mean temperature (

F θ

; orange; 10^{?1 o}C), vertical divergence (

F d ω

; magenta; 10^?2 d^?1), mean vertical temperature advection (

z t e n d 1

; blue; 10^{?1 o}C·d^?1), the divergence of perturbation vertical heat flux (

z t e n d 3

; green; °C·d^?1) between the control experiment and the sensitivity experiment.

Fig.4 Vertical profiles of differences in

? ω

w

;10^?3 Pas^?1) between the control and sensitivity experiments.

Tab.3 Daily and model domain means of surface rain rate (P_S), net condensation (Q_NC), and hydrometeor convergence/divergence (Q_CM) for (a) convective rainfall and (b) stratiform rainfall in CTL, and NCR, and their differences (CTL?NCR)

Fig.5 Time series of domain-mean surface rain rate (P_S), net condensation (Q_NC), and hydrometeor convergence/divergence (Q_CM) for (a–c) convective rainfall and (d–f) stratiform rainfall in (a, d) CTL, and (b, e) NCR, and (c, f) their differences (CTL?NCR).

Fig.6 The temporal-vertical cross-section of (a, d) control, (b, e) NCR, and (c, f) their difference (CTL?NCR) in (a, b, c) solar radiative heating and (d, e, f) infrared radiative cooling between CTL to NCR. Unit: K·h^?1.

Fig.7 The temporal-vertical cross-section of (a) control, (b) NCR, and (c) their difference (CTL?NCR) in temperature (unit: °C) between CTL to NCR.

Fig.8 The temporal-vertical cross-section of (a) control, (b) NCR, and (c) their difference (CTL?NCR) in vertical velocity (~

w

; cm·s^?1) between CTL to NCR.

Fig.9 A conceptual model for the probable mechanism of cloud radiation process affects precipitation.

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