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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2023, Vol. 17 Issue (3) : 739-751    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1007-0
REVIEW ARTICLE
Low-field NMR application in the characterization of CO2 geological storage and utilization related to shale gas reservoirs: a brief review
Zhaohui LU1,2,4, Ke LI4, Xingbing LIU5, Peng ZHAO3, Jun LIU1,2,3()
1. National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource, Chongqing 401120, China
2. Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration (Ministry of Natural Resources), Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 401120, China
3. MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
5. Chongqing Institute of Geological Survey, Chongqing 401122, China
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Abstract

CO2 geological storage and utilization (CGSU) is considered a far-reaching technique to meet the demand of increasing energy supply and decreasing CO2 emissions. For CGSUs related to shale gas reservoirs, experimental investigations have attracted variable methodologies, among which low-field NMR (LF-NMR) is a promising method and is playing an increasingly key role in reservoir characterization. Herein, the application of this nondestructive, sensitive, and quick LF-NMR technique in characterizing CGSU behavior in shale gas reservoirs is reviewed. First, the basic principle of LF-NMR for 1H-fluid detection is introduced, which is the theoretical foundation of the reviewed achievements in this paper. Then, the reviewed works are related to the LF-NMR-based measurements of CH4 adsorption capacity and the CO2-CH4 interaction in shale, as well as the performance on CO2 sequestration and simultaneous enhanced gas recovery from shale. Basically, the reviewed achievements have exhibited a large potential for LF-NMR application in CGSUs related to shale gas reservoirs, although some limitations and deficiencies still need to be improved. Accordingly, some suggestions are proposed for a more responsible development of the LF-NMR technique. Hopefully, this review is helpful in promoting the expanding application of the LF-NMR technique in CGSU implementation in shale gas reservoirs.
Keywords CO2/CH4 competitive adsorption      shale gas reservoir      CO2 geological storage      gas recovery enhancement      low-field NMR     
Corresponding Author(s): Jun LIU   
Online First Date: 28 April 2023    Issue Date: 12 December 2023
 Cite this article:   
Zhaohui LU,Ke LI,Xingbing LIU, et al. Low-field NMR application in the characterization of CO2 geological storage and utilization related to shale gas reservoirs: a brief review[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2023, 17(3): 739-751.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-022-1007-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2023/V17/I3/739
Fig.1  Schematic of the flow dynamics of CO2 and CH4 in shale gas reservoirs (Godec et al., 2014).
Fig.2  Four processes of 1H NMR measurement: (a) protons alignment, (b) precession and dephasing, (c) raw data and (d) processed data (Liu et al., 2020b).
Fig.3  Schematic representation of a CPMG pulse sequence with a multiecho spin echo sequence (top) and the T2 relaxation curve (bottom). TE, echo time; TR, repetition time (Cheng et al., 2012).
Fig.4  Relationship between gas pressure and integrated amplitude (S) of shale-adsorbed gas during the desorption process from 10 MPa to 0.75 MPa (Tang et al., 2017).
Fig.5  LF-NMR measurement of CH4 in shale sample. (a) T2 spectrum of CH4 and (b) the specific amounts of “adsorbed CH4”, “free-state CH4”, and “bulk CH4” (Liu and Wang, 2018).
Fig.6  Isothermal adsorption curves obtained from the LF-NMR technique and gravimetric measurement (Yao et al., 2019).
Fig.7  Comparison of CH4 adsorption curve and CH4 desorption curve based on the LF-NMR measurements (Zhou et al., 2021).
Fig.8  Content variation of adsorbed CH4 (P1), free CH4 (P2) and bulk CH4 (P3) after CO2 injection into shale. (a) The ambient pressure and (b) the abandonment pressure condition (Liu et al., 2017).
Fig.9  Measured T2 spectrum for the “CH4-saturated” shale samples (a) #1, and (b) #2. Region a (i.e., 0.01–11?ms) represents the adsorbed CH4 on the pore surface, region b (i.e., 11–300?ms) refers to the free-state CH4 existing in the pore center, and region c (i.e., 300–2000?ms) represents the free-state CH4 among shale particles (Zhao and Wang, 2019).
Fig.10  Recovery of the adsorbed CH4 from the dry and moisture-equilibrated shale during the CO2 huff process (Tian et al., 2020).
Fig.11  Adsorption capacity of CO2 and CH4 in the environment of fixed CH4 mass and variable CO2/CH4 ratio. Herein the CO2/CH4 pressure ratio is approximately (Pbi ?3)/3 with the partial pressure for CH4 stabilized at 3 MPa in the reference cell. (a) Sample YDN-1; (b) Sample YDN-2. (Liu et al., 2019a).
Fig.12  CO2/CH4 CAR in shale under a fixed CO2/CH4 pressure ratio. CAR, competitive adsorption ratio (Liu et al., 2019a).
Fig.13  LF-NMR outcomes for the collected samples. (a) CH4-adsorption volume under the different experimental conditions and (b) efficiency of CO2 enhanced shale gas recovery (Liu et al., 2019b).
Fig.14  Relationship between adsorbed content of CO2 and CH4 during CO2-CH4 displacement (Liu et al., 2019a).
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