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Frontiers of Earth Science

ISSN 2095-0195

ISSN 2095-0209(Online)

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Front. Earth Sci.    2023, Vol. 17 Issue (2) : 470-486    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1028-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sedimentary characteristics and depositional evolution of carbonate platform during the Cambrian and Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China
Jingyan LIU1(), Shiqiang XIA2(), Junlong ZHANG3, Feng HE4, Yuhan CHENG1, Yi ZHU1, Zhaoqin CHEN1, Huoxiang DONG1
1. School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
3. Exploration and Development Research Institute, Daqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Daqing 163712, China
4. Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China
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Abstract

The eastern Tarim Basin (Tadong Area) has gained wide attentions on large-scale marine carbonate reservoirs in Cambrian-Ordovician due to significant hydrocarbon discoveries. A systematic analysis combining thin sections, cores, wireline logs, and seismic data is conducted on Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platform in the whole eastern Tarim Basin, including Gucheng area, Majiaer area, and western Luobopo rise (Luoxi area). The results show that 8 sub-facies and more than 10 microfacies are developed including open platform, restricted/semi-restricted platform, reef-shoal around platform margin, drowned platform, foreslope, neritic platform, and deep-water basin. As both key areas for hosting petroleum reserves during the Cambrian and Ordovician, the Luoxi area is dominated by deep-water basin facies, while the Gucheng area is dominated by neritic platform facies and deep-water basin facies during the Lower Cambrian. The deposition evolution during the whole Cambrian is dominated by slope facies and deep-water facies, platform margin facies, and platform facies. In contrast, it is dominated by open platform facies during the whole Ordovician. The depositional evolution of carbonate platform is mainly controlled by paleo-geomorphology and sea-level changes. The distribution of paleo-geomorphologic units plays an important role in controlling types and distributions of carbonate platform facies. The transgression assists in growth of reef-shoal complex and lime mud mound in the Early Ordovician. However, with neritic platform and slope being to disappeared, in the Middle Ordovician, platform margin facies are well developed in Gucheng Area. Platform facies and deep-water basin facies are widely distributed. Finally, carbonate platform is drowned due to sea level rising in the Late Ordovician. The depositional evolution of carbonate platform coinciding falling and rising of sea-level changes can be beneficial for appropriate carbonate reservoirs identification and petroleum exploration.
Keywords carbonate platform      depositional evolution      sedimentary facies      Tarim Basin      the Cambrian-Ordovician     
Corresponding Author(s): Jingyan LIU,Shiqiang XIA   
Online First Date: 17 March 2023    Issue Date: 04 August 2023
 Cite this article:   
Jingyan LIU,Shiqiang XIA,Junlong ZHANG, et al. Sedimentary characteristics and depositional evolution of carbonate platform during the Cambrian and Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2023, 17(2): 470-486.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-022-1028-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2023/V17/I2/470
Fig.1  Location, structural units, faults and database used in Eastern Tarim Basin.
Fig.2  The stratigraphic column of the Cambrian-Ordovician in Eastern Tarim Basin (cited and integrated from Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina; Huang et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2020).
Fig.3  The model showing facies zone during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin. NWB = normal wave base; ASWB = average storm wave base; RI = redox interface; MLW = mean low-tide base; MHW = mean high-tide base.
FaciesSub-faciesMicro-facies(present study)Micro-facies(Ren et al., 2014)Micro-facies(Wang et al., 2015)Micro-facies(Lin et al., 2013)Micro-facies(Zhang et al., 2007)Micro-facies(Yu et al., 2010)Micro-facies(Li et al., 2005)
Platform faciesOpen platformPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoal
Platform interior cryptic
Platform interior crypticInterbank sea
Interbank hollowInterbank hollow
Interbank seaInterbank seaInterbank sea
Semi-restricted platformPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoalPlatform interior shoal
Interbank seaBackreef/shoal hollowInterbank sea
Restricted platformTidal flatTidal flatTidal flatTidal flatTidal flatTidal flat
LagoonLagoonLagoonLagoonLagoon
BarrierBarrier beach-barBarrier beach-bar
Drowned platformStorm deposits
Evaporated platformSalt hollowSalt hollow
Platform margin faciesPlatform marginal reef-shoal and lime mud moundPlatform marginal reefPlatform marginal reefPlatform marginal reefPlatform marginal reefPlatform marginal reefPlatform marginal shoalPlatform marginal shoal
Platform marginal shoalPlatform marginal shoalPlatform marginal shoalPlatform marginal shoal
Lime mud moundReef-shoal complexBackreef lagoonBackreef lagoonLime mud moundLime mud moundLime mud mound
ForeslopeForeslopeForeslopeForeslopeForeslopeForeslopeForeslope
Deep-water basin faciesNeritic shelfSlope lime mudSlope lime mudNeritic mudSlope lime mudSlope lime mudSlope lime mud
Neritic mudNeritic mudNeritic mudNeritic mudNeritic mud
Deep-water basin and basin floor fanMud in deep-water basinMud in deep-water basinMud in deep-water basinMud in deep-water basin
Basin-floor fanBasin-floor fanBasin-floor fan
Tab.1  The types and characteristics of carbonate platform resulted from different scholars during the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin
Fig.4  The summary of thin sections showing the characteristics of platform facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin; (a) medium-crystalline dolomite; (b) macro-crystalline dolomite; (c) medium-crystalline dolomite; (d) medium-crystalline dolomite; (e) dolomite; (f) micro-crystalline dolomite; (g) dolomite; (h) medium-crystalline dolomite; (i) argillaceous limestone; (j) argillaceous granular limestone; (k) micritic limestone; (l) macro-crystalline dolomite.
Fig.5  The summary of thin sections showing the characteristics of platform margin facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Calcsparite calcarenite with burrow; (b) calcarenite with burrow; (c) bioclastic shoal; (d) calcsparite calcarenite with bioclast; (e) calcsparite granular limestone; (f) calcarenite with Ostracoda; (g) calcsparite calcarenite; (h) oolitic limestone; (i) micritic limestone; (j) micritic limestone; (k) argillaceous limestone; (l) micritic limestone.
Fig.6  The summary of thin sections showing the characteristics of deep-water basin facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Micritic limestone; (b) micritic limestone; (c) argillaceous limestone; (d) micritic limestone; (e) limy mudstone; (f) mudstone.
Fig.7  The summary of cores showing the characteristics of platform facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Yingshan Formation, dark gray dolomite filled with calcite; (b) Upper Cambrian, gray dolorudite; (c) Penglaiba Formation, dark gray clacisiltite interbedded with grayish black micrite; (d) Penglaiba Formation, limy mudstone; (e) Tumuxiuke Formation, grayish green knollenkalk filled with calcite; (f) Tumuxiuke Formation, purplish red knollenkalk filled with calcite.
Fig.8  The summary of cores showing the characteristics of platform facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Yijianfang Formation, light gray calcarenite filled with calcite; (b) Yijianfang Formation, gray bioclastic limestone; (c) Yijianfang Formation, calcsparite calcarenite; (d) Yijianfang Formation, gray bioclastic calcarenite; (e) Yijianfang Formation, light gray calcarenite filled with calcite; (f) Penglaiba Formation, dark gray micrite with stylolite; (g) Yijianfang Formation, dark gray micrite; (h) Penglaiba Formation, limy mudstone; (i) Yingshan Formation, dark gray micrite with pinhole structure.
Fig.9  The summary of cores showing the characteristics of platform facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Middle Cambrian, limy mudstone filled with calcite; (b) Middle Cambrian, carbonaceous mudstone; (c) Middle Cambrian, gray micrite; (d) Yijianfang Formation and Yingshan Formation, grayish black mudstone filled with pyrite; (e) Yijianfang Formation and Yingshan Formation, black mudstone filled with calcite; (f) Tumuxiuke Formation, black carbonaceous mudstone filled with calcite; (g) Lower Cambrian, dark gray and black mudstone, gray medium-to fine-grained sandstone; (h) Tumuxiuke Formation, black limy mudstone filled with calcite; (i) Penglaiba Formation, gray micrite filled with pyrite and boulder clay.
Fig.10  The summary of wireline responses in various carbonate facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin.
Fig.11  The summary of seismic reflections in various carbonate facies during depositional period of the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin.
Fig.12  The facies/microfacies distribution in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Early Cambrian; (b) Middle Cambrian.
Fig.13  The facies/microfacies distribution in eastern Tarim Basin. (a) Late Cambrian; (b) Early-Middle Ordovician.
Fig.14  The well tie seismic correlation showing depositional evolution of carbonate platform during the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin.
Fig.15  The depositional model during the Cambrian-Ordovician in eastern Tarim Basin.
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