First Asian fossil record of <i>Platydictya</i> (Amblystegiaceae) from the lower Miocene and its paleoenvironmental significance

doi:10.1007/s11707-022-1037-7

Front. Earth Sci.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (1) : 351-360 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1037-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

First Asian fossil record of Platydictya (Amblystegiaceae) from the lower Miocene and its paleoenvironmental significance

Liyan GUO^1,^2,⁴, Liang XIAO^1,^2,⁴(

), Ya LI², Xiangchuan LI^1,^2,⁴, Qin LENG³, Nan SUN¹, Junfeng GUO¹, Chaofeng FU¹, Jianan WANG¹, Deshuang JI¹

¹. College of Earth Sciences and Resources & Key Laboratory of Western Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering (the Ministry of Education), Chang᾽an University, Xi᾽an 710054, China
². State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
³. Laboratory for Terrestrial Environments, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI 02917, USA
⁴. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments & State Key Laboratoty of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi᾽an 710069, China

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Abstract

Mosses form a diverse land plant group in modern vegetation but have rarely showed up in the fossil record compared with vascular plants. Here, we report an extraordinarily-preserved early Miocene moss fossil from the lower Laoliangdi Formation in the Pingzhuang Coal Mine in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. Although lacking rhizoids and most reproductive organs, the well-preserved fossil allows us to assign it to Platydictya cf. jungermannioides (Amblystegiaceae) based upon its detailed gross and micro-morphology. The diagnostic characteristics include a small-sized body with slender stems bearing spirally arranged ovate-lanceolate leaves that lack costae. Leaf margins are mostly partly entire and partly dentate, a few dentate, and rarely completely entire. It represents the first fossil record of Platydictya in Asia. The specific living microenvironment of the extant P. jungermannioides enriched our understanding of the early Miocene environment that was previously based upon vascular plant fossils and sedimentary lithofacies in the area. Our early Miocene Platydictya cf. jungermannioides fossil lived in a warm and humid lush forest with a dense understory that received adequate water supplies.

Keywords moss the Pingzhuang Coal Mine Inner Mongolia Platydictya paleoenvironment

Corresponding Author(s): Liang XIAO

About author:

^* These authors contributed equally to this work.

Online First Date: 16 May 2023 Issue Date: 03 July 2023

Cite this article:

Liyan GUO,Liang XIAO,Ya LI, et al. First Asian fossil record of Platydictya (Amblystegiaceae) from the lower Miocene and its paleoenvironmental significance[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2023, 17(1): 351-360.

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https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-022-1037-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2023/V17/I1/351

Age	Genus/Species	Region	Location	References
Eocene 37–57 Ma	Drepanocladus	Europe	Baltic Saxon amber	Frahm, 2004
Early Miocene22 Ma	Amblystegium varium, Leptodictyum riparium,Drepanocladus trichophyllus	Asia	Weichang mud shale, Hebei, China	Guo et al., 2013
Pliocene3.58–2.60 Ma	Cenococcum geophilum	North America	Shallow water marine deposits of North-east Greenland	Bennike et al., 2002
Late Pliocene3 Ma	Calliergon giganteum, Campylium stellatum, C. arcticum, Drepanocladus aduncus, D. exannulatus, D.revolvens, D.uncinatus, Hygrohypnum polare	North America	Alaska and northern Canada	Matthews and Ovenden, 1990
Early Pleistocene2.0–2.5 Ma	Calliergon giganteum, Drepanocladus crassicostatus, Scorpidium scorpioides, Platydictya cf. jungermannioides	North America	Clastic rocks on Ellesmere Island	Ovenden, 1993
Middle Pleistocene 131 ± 11 ka	Pseudocalliergon brevifolium, P. turgescens,Campylium stellatum, C. giganteum	North America	Peat deposits in the east of the Beringian Land Bridge	Reyes et al., 2010
Late Pleistocene18 ka	Campylium hispidulum, C. stellatum, Drepanocladus brevifolius, Amblystegium serpens, A. varium	North America	Bering Land Bridge Glacier Highlands on the northern Seward Peninsula	Goetcheus and Birks, 2001
Late Pleistocene17.78 ± 0.6 ka	Drepanocladus fluitans	Asia	Paleosilicified sediments from the northern shore of Lake Usoriko, Japan	Satake et al., 1995
Late Pleistocene12 ka	Drepanocladus exannulatus, D. trichophyllus	Europe	Marine clay of western Norway	Övestedal and Aarseth, 1975
Late Pleistocene12 ka	Leptodontium flexifolium	North America	Peat deposits of the Yukon Territory, Canada	Miller, 1980b
Late Pleistocene12–11.5 ka	Calliergon giganteum, Drepanocladus aduncus	North America	Late Glacial Strata, Portland, Maine, US	Geotcheus and Birks, 2001
Late Pleistocene11.5–12.1 ka	Calliergon richardsonii, C. stellatum,Drepanocladus revolensvar, Scorpidium scorpioides	North America	North American glacial woodland marshes	Janssens and Zander, 1980
Pleistocene and Holocene	Drepanocladus crassicostatus	North America	Western of North America	Janssens, 1983
Holocene	Drepanocladus fluitans	Europe	Peat layer of Rownia pod Sniezka swamp, Poland	Kuder and Kruge, 1998
Holocene	Drepanocladus fluitans	Europe	Peat deposits of northern Sweden	Elverland and Vorren, 2008
Holocene 5 ka	Warnstorfia fluitans, W. exannulataStraminergon stramineum	Europe	Sedimentary sequence of coastal marshes in northern Norway	Van der Linden et al., 2008
Late Holocene 5 ka	Drepanocladus exannulatus, D. purpurascens,D. procerus, D. schulzei	Europe	Swedish subarctic peat bogs	Kokfelt et al., 2010

Tab.1 Global fossil records of Amblystegiaceae

Fig.1 Stratigraphic column of the Pingzhuang Coal Mine, showing the plant fossiliferous layer (indicated by ♣).

Fig.2 Photographs showing gross morphology of the fossil (specimen # PZX-17-013). (a) The complete specimen, showing eight (1–8) connected and two (9–10) isolated branches. The stems are more or less erect and irregularly branched. Scale bar = 2 mm. (b–f) Closer up images of some branches, showing the size, shape, and texture of leaves. The arrows indicate that the leaves are homogeneous without a costa. (b) Branch 5. Scale bar = 0.4 mm. (c) Branches 4–5. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (d) Closer up of (c), showing a fine tooth (arrow) at the leaf margin. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (e) Branch 8. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (f) Branch 5. A leaf within the red box (also indicated by an arrow) is obviously homogeneous. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (g) The apical part of Branch 6. The arrows indicate the capsules. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig.3 SEM (a–c) and light microscope (d–f) photographs showing micro-morphology of leaves. (a–c) A leaf fragment observed under SEM. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (a) A folded leaf, showing that the middle part of it is flat thus with no costa. (b–c) Closer up images of (a), with the fine teeth at leaf margins indicated by arrows. (d–f) Leaf fragments observed under LM. (d) The apical part of a leaf. The dentate margins are highlighted. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (e) Fragments of a leaf base and part of the stem. Leaf base is thickened, no stipules. Cells at leaf margin are polygonal in shape while those in the middle are columnar or long quadrilateral. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (f) Two leaf fragments, showing their thin and almost semitransparent texture. Leaf margin is thickened, with about two layers of cells while there is only one cell layer of the most part of the leaf. Cells are rhombus or irregularly quadrilateral in shape. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Fig.4 Line drawings showing part of Branch 4 (a) and two leaves (b–c). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (a) Branch 5 in Fig. 2(a) showing the arrangement of leaves on the stem. Fine teeth on leaf margins are not shown. (b) A leaf with dentate margins. Teeth are denser at the lower part. (c) A leaf showing its cell outlines.

Family	Species	Stem branching	Stem form	Stem length/cm	Leaf shape	Leaf margin	Leaf length/mm	Leaf width/mm	Costae	Stipule
	Platydictya cf. jungermannioides	Irregular branching	More or less erect	0.6–1.2	Ovate-lanceolate acuminate	Partly entire and partly dentate (particularly at base)	0.14–0.25	0.04–0.06	Absent	Invisible, likely absent
Amblystegiaceae	Platydictya jungermannioides (Brid.) Crum	Irregular branching	Erect	1–1.5	Ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate	Dentate or partly (at base) dentate	0.2–0.35	0.06–0.09	Absent or inconspicuous	Absent
Amblystegiaceae	Campylium porphyriticum C. Muell.	Irregular branching	Erect or decumbent	1–2	Ovate heart-shaped	Dentate	0.6–0.9	0.5	Two short middle costae, one long middle costa or none	Present
Amblystegiaceae	Campylophyllum halleri (Hedw.) Fleisch.	Subpinnate branching	Decumbent	2–5	Base ovate, distally lanceolate and everted	Dentate at upper part	0.6–0.8	0.5	Short or absent	Absent
Erpodiaceae	Aulacopilum abbreviatum Mitt.	Irregular branching	Decumbent amphitropous	0.5–1	Ovate-lanceolate	Entire	0.5–0.7	< 0.2	Absent	Absent
Erpodiaceae	Venturiella sinensis (Vent.) C. Müll.	Irregular branching	Decumbent and serried	1–2.5	Ovate-shaped or ovate-lanceolate	Dentate at upper part	1–2.5	0.5	Absent	Absent
Hedwigiaceae	Braunia alopecura (Brid.) Limpr.	Irregular branching	Strong	2	Broad ellipse or ovate curving	Entire	1.5–2	0.7–1.1	Absent	Absent
Hedwigiaceae	Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) Ehrh.	Irregular branching	Thick andstrong	3–5	Ovate-lanceolate, concave	Entire	1.3–3.3	0.6–0.9	Absent	Absent
Leucodontaceae	Leucodon pendulus Lindb.	Branches serried	Branches short and overhanging	2–3	Long oval and adnate	Entire	2–2.5	1–1.5	Absent	Absent
Myuriaceae	Palisadula chrysophylla (Card.) Toy.	Branches serried	Erect and outstretched	2	Ovate	Dentate nucleus	2–5	1–1.5	Short	Absent
Thamnobryaceae	Pinnatella anacamptolepis (C. Mull.) Broth.	Irregular branching	Decumbent	Up to 5	Base oblate semicircular and short leaf apex lanceolate	Dentate at upper part	1.8–2	1	Two short middle costae, one long middle costae or none	Absent
Eucomiaceae	Leucomium strumosun (Hornsch.) Mitt.	Irregular branching	Decumbent	2	Acuminate lanceolate	Invisible	1.5–2	0.5	Absent	Absent
Fabroniaceae	Schwetschkeopsis fabronia (Schwaegr.) Broth.	Pinnate branching	Decumbent extension	1.5–3	Ovate-lanceolate, mucronate	Entire, occasionally dentate	0.5–0.7	< 0.2	Absent	Absent
Thuidiaceae	Leptopterigynandrum incuryatum Broth.	Branches serried	Decumbent tilting stand	> 5	Ovate or broadly ovate	Entire	1.4	< 0.5	Two middle costae, short	Present
Entodontaceae	Entodon dolichocucullatus S.Okam.	Irregularly pinnate branching	Decumbent	5–8	Linear lanceolate	Dentate at upper part	0.8–1.1	< 0.5	Absent	Present

Tab.2 Feature comparison of the studied fossil with extant species containing ovate-lanceolate leaves lacking costae

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