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Front. Earth Sci.    2024, Vol. 18 Issue (3) : 649-670    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-024-1108-z
Sedimentary environment and major controlling factors of organic matter-rich shale from the Wufeng-Longmaxi formation in eastern Sichuan Basin, China
Yang WANG1,2(), Hanyu ZHANG1,2, Yanming ZHU1,2, Shangbin CHEN1,2, Qingshun CAO1,2, Manli HUANG1,2, Jinghui YANG1,2, Yunsheng ZHANG1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane Resources and Reservoir Formation Process (Ministry of Education), China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
2. School of Resources and Geoscience, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Abstract

The major controlling factors of organic matter and its enrichment model of the black shale from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation were explored by investigating the vertical variation characteristics, as well as major element and trace element abundances in the Wuxi Bailu section. The results show that the sedimentary tectonic setting of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the north-east margin of the upper Yangtze platform is located on the active continental margin, which is a passive continental margin and continental island arc. The parent rock in the source area is mainly felsic volcanic rocks mixed with small amounts of sedimentary recycling materials. Due to increased plate activity and a drop in sea levels, terrigenous pyroclastic input increased. The palaeoclimate was semi-humid, and a robust dysoxic-reduction environment and a high level of palaeoproductivity, causing the formation of the organic-rich shale in the Wufeng Formation. At the base of the Longmaxi Formation, the sedimentary water body was affected by global transgression, showing a strong anoxic-reductive environment, and the paleoclimate was a warm and humid condition. The palaeoproductivity level was high, resulting in the formation of organic shale. Due to the sea level drop at the top of the Longmaxi Formation, the sedimentary water was in an oxic-reduced environment, but the input of terrigenous pyroclastic matter increased. Because the paleoclimate was warm and humid and the palaeoproductivity level was high, organic-rich shale was formed. The findings demonstrate that terrigenous clastic input circumstances, palaeoproductivity conditions, and paleo-redox conditions had the greatest influence on the enrichment of organic matter in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation. Thus, organic matter enrichment was controlled by multiple paleoenvironmental factors.
Keywords Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation      organic-rich shale      organic matter enrichment      depositional palaeoenvironment      eastern Sichuan Basin     
Corresponding Author(s): Yang WANG   
Online First Date: 01 April 2024    Issue Date: 15 July 2024
 Cite this article:   
Yang WANG,Hanyu ZHANG,Yanming ZHU, et al. Sedimentary environment and major controlling factors of organic matter-rich shale from the Wufeng-Longmaxi formation in eastern Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2024, 18(3): 649-670.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-024-1108-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2024/V18/I3/649
Fig.1  (a) Geotectonic zoning of the Sichuan Basin and location of the study area; (b) early paleogeographic map and research profile of Silurian Dan Lu in southern China; (c) stratigraphic column of the Bailu section.
Fig.2  (a) Normalized REE concentration of chondrites in Bailu section; (b) PAAS normalized REE concentration in Bailu section.
Formation Sample No. TOC/% SiO2/% TiO2/% Al2O3/% TFe2O3/% MnO/% MgO/% CaO/% Na2O/% K2O/% P2O5/% CIAa)/%
WufengFormation BL-1 1.14 94.67 0.07 1.74 0.73 0.005 0.20 0.13 0.13 0.44 0.02 66.52
BL-3 5.1 80.55 0.43 6.83 1.10 0.001 0.54 0.18 0.75 1.73 0.06 67.46
BL-4 4.82 82.58 0.33 6.01 1.24 0.001 0.47 0.23 0.50 1.74 0.07 67.16
BL-5 4.28 86.78 0.22 4.15 0.61 0.001 0.36 0.14 0.36 1.18 0.05 67.38
LongmaxiFormation BL-6 6.1 76.75 0.35 6.77 1.58 0.005 0.46 0.08 0.75 1.86 0.05 67.26
BL-7 5.33 77.21 0.31 6.16 3.34 0.005 0.44 0.09 0.65 1.69 0.05 67.69
BL-8 3.93 85.97 0.23 4.54 0.51 0.001 0.32 0.24 0.45 1.26 0.03 64.71
BL-9 3.85 85.57 0.27 5.17 0.98 0.001 0.35 0.09 0.46 1.40 0.07 69.52
BL-10 4.28 81.20 0.39 7.21 1.22 0.003 0.46 0.09 0.67 1.91 0.07 69.35
BL-11 4.76 73.75 0.45 8.97 3.47 0.007 0.51 0.17 1.19 2.26 0.15 67.20
BL-12 4.29 84.10 0.27 5.16 1.21 0.004 0.34 0.14 0.51 1.37 0.09 68.63
BL-13 3.63 87.36 0.19 3.94 1.19 0.004 0.25 0.14 0.36 1.07 0.07 68.16
BL-14 4.31 78.51 0.37 7.03 2.65 0.007 0.44 0.19 0.80 1.81 0.12 67.73
BL-15 2.99 87.79 0.18 3.52 1.57 0.004 0.22 0.24 0.36 0.92 0.06 64.99
BL-16 3.83 84.91 0.23 4.66 1.44 0.005 0.28 0.12 0.52 1.25 0.07 67.22
BL-17 4.61 82.85 0.30 5.77 1.20 0.005 0.36 0.17 0.61 1.58 0.07 66.76
BL-18 5.36 74.69 0.45 8.52 1.89 0.008 0.58 0.34 0.93 2.34 0.13 66.09
BL-19 5.63 72.09 0.58 10.70 1.34 0.004 0.77 0.22 1.19 2.91 0.05 66.47
BL-20 2.48 85.50 0.25 4.82 1.98 0.005 0.33 0.24 0.51 1.27 0.07 66.00
BL-21 4.18 80.47 0.28 6.27 2.53 0.004 0.52 0.12 0.46 1.69 0.07 70.47
Tab.1  Results of TOC analysis and major element content of shale samples from the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Bailu section
Formation Sample No. La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Sc ΣREE a) LREE/HREE δCe b) δEu c)
Wufeng Formation BL-1 4.10 6.80 0.78 2.87 0.58 0.22 0.59 0.11 0.73 0.17 0.55 0.09 0.71 0.11 5.40 1.61 25.40 5.03 0.92 1.14
BL-3 28.35 45.49 5.03 15.84 2.39 0.53 2.24 0.45 3.47 0.82 2.54 0.40 2.81 0.42 27.03 6.06 143.87 7.42 0.92 0.70
BL-4 22.63 38.47 4.69 16.14 2.52 0.54 2.11 0.34 2.40 0.50 1.57 0.25 1.71 0.24 16.60 5.61 116.33 9.32 0.90 0.72
BL-5 17.58 32.54 3.99 15.26 2.90 0.65 2.36 0.38 2.23 0.48 1.40 0.20 1.32 0.19 15.50 3.68 100.66 8.53 0.94 0.76
Longmaxi Formation BL-6 26.78 48.27 5.87 21.48 3.58 0.85 3.41 0.57 3.76 0.77 2.32 0.34 2.23 0.32 27.01 6.04 153.62 7.78 0.93 0.75
BL-7 24.40 45.22 5.42 19.89 3.42 0.74 3.00 0.50 3.26 0.67 1.91 0.29 1.89 0.26 22.04 5.48 138.40 8.40 0.95 0.71
BL-8 19.25 35.39 4.22 16.11 2.86 0.62 2.42 0.38 2.31 0.48 1.46 0.21 1.37 0.19 16.22 3.57 107.07 8.88 0.95 0.73
BL-9 20.37 37.52 4.40 16.39 3.16 0.74 2.77 0.44 2.64 0.54 1.57 0.24 1.53 0.21 18.28 4.64 115.44 8.31 0.95 0.76
BL-10 28.13 52.11 6.28 23.68 4.07 0.83 3.33 0.52 3.22 0.66 1.97 0.30 1.99 0.28 21.88 6.92 156.17 9.38 0.94 0.69
BL-11 33.43 63.10 7.36 28.02 5.32 1.21 4.69 0.74 4.47 0.93 2.57 0.38 2.53 0.35 29.10 8.09 192.30 8.31 0.97 0.74
BL-12 20.42 36.76 4.41 16.39 3.19 0.74 3.05 0.45 2.82 0.59 1.67 0.24 1.62 0.23 19.84 4.59 117.00 7.68 0.93 0.72
BL-13 17.10 32.50 3.90 15.01 3.08 0.67 2.70 0.41 2.42 0.50 1.36 0.21 1.31 0.19 15.80 3.35 100.49 7.95 0.96 0.71
BL-14 29.54 55.61 6.54 24.86 4.67 1.10 4.48 0.71 4.29 0.87 2.48 0.37 2.37 0.33 28.32 6.03 172.56 7.69 0.96 0.73
BL-15 22.77 43.22 4.96 18.17 3.54 0.81 3.20 0.53 3.12 0.63 1.74 0.25 1.59 0.22 20.40 2.81 127.97 8.27 0.98 0.74
BL-16 18.84 33.33 3.77 13.42 2.22 0.53 1.96 0.31 1.97 0.44 1.30 0.20 1.27 0.18 14.51 3.84 98.10 9.44 0.95 0.77
BL-17 22.67 42.46 4.95 17.73 2.93 0.69 2.57 0.43 2.51 0.52 1.58 0.24 1.56 0.22 17.92 4.45 123.43 9.49 0.96 0.77
BL-18 34.93 62.00 6.95 23.23 3.49 0.86 3.08 0.55 3.70 0.76 2.36 0.38 2.48 0.36 27.23 7.04 179.40 9.62 0.96 0.80
BL-19 60.18 114.10 13.15 44.45 7.77 1.43 6.33 1.11 6.63 1.29 3.72 0.56 3.57 0.50 40.61 7.29 312.69 10.17 0.98 0.63
BL-20 16.90 32.92 3.68 13.43 2.44 0.51 1.88 0.32 1.90 0.40 1.13 0.17 1.10 0.16 11.99 3.30 92.26 9.88 1.00 0.73
BL-21 21.58 39.41 4.54 16.49 2.92 0.69 2.36 0.40 2.39 0.50 1.47 0.22 1.40 0.21 15.59 5.67 115.83 9.56 0.96 0.80
Tab.2  Rare earth elements (REE) abundances (μg/g) and relevant geochemical indexes of shale samples from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Bailu section
Fig.3  Tectonic setting diagram for mud shale of WF-LMX Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin (after Bhatia, 1985; Roser and Korsch, 1988). (a) K2O/Na2O-SiO2; (b) La/Sc-Ti/Zr.
Fig.4  Tectonic setting diagram for mud shale of WF-LMX Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin (Bhatia and Crook, 1986). (a) Th-Co-Zr/10; (b) La-Th-Sc; A-oceanic island arc; B-continental island arc; C-active continental margin; D- passive continental margin.
Fig.5  Source and compositional discrimination for mud shale of WF-LMX Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin. (after Allègre and Minster, 1978; Floyd and Leveridge, 1987). (a) Hf versus La/Th diagram; (b) La/Sc vs. Co/Th diagram; (c) ΣREE vs. La/Yb diagram; (d) Th-Hf-Co discrimination.
Fig.6  Vertical variations of Al (%), Zr (μg/g), Ti (%), Y/Ho, and K2O/ Rb of sediments in BL section.
Fig.7  Vertical variations of paleoclimate index “C”, chemical alteration index “CIA”, and Sr/Cu of sediments in BL section.
Element indexOxygen-deficient environmentOxic
AnoxicDysoxic
V/Cr> 4.252.00–4.25< 2.00
V/(V + Ni)> 0.600.46–0.60< 0.46
Ni/Co> 7.005.00–7.00< 5.00
U/Th> 1.250.75–1.25< 0.75
Ce/La> 1.81.5–1.8< 1.5
Tab.3  Criteria for judging redox conditions of the WF-LMX Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin
Fig.8  Al-Fe-Mn triangle map (the plate was revised according to Zhang et al., 2019).
Fig.9  Vertical variations of V/(V + Ni), U /Th, Ni /Co, V /Cr, and Ce/La of sediments in BL section.
Fig.10  Crossplots of paleoredox indicators for different systems tracts of the WF-LMX Formations in Bailu section. (a) V/Cr vs. V/(V + Ni); (b) U/Th vs. Ni/Co.
Fig.11  Vertical variations of Babio and Ni/Al of sediments in BL section.
Fig.12  (a) Co × Mn vs. Al. (b) Co-EF × Mn-EF vs. Al; The patterns of Co × Mn–Al and CoEF × MnEF – Al are modified from (Sweere et al. 2016).
Fig.13  Cross plots of TOC vs. clastic influx index of the shale samples from the WF-LMX Formations in Bailu section.
Fig.14  Crossplots of TOC vs. paleoclimatic index of the shale samples from the WF-LMX Formations in Bailu section.
Fig.15  Crossplots of TOC vs. paleo redox index of the shale samples from the WF-LMX Formations in the Bailu section.
Fig.16  Crossplots of TOC vs. paleoproductivity index of the shale samples from the WF-LMX Formations in Bailu section.
Fig.17  Paleoenvironmental factors and gray correlation for shale samples from the WF-LMX Formations in the Bailu section. (a) Wufeng Formation samples; (b) Longmaxi Formation samples.
Fig.18  Organic matter enrichment model of WF-LMX organic-rich shales in eastern Sichuan Basin. the data of sea-level are from Liu et al., (2019).
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