Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation
Gholamreza GHASEMZADEH1,*(),Mahdiye MOMENPOUR2,Fakhriye OMIDI3,Mohammad R. HOSSEINI4,Monireh AHANI5,Abolfazl BARZEGARI6,*()
1. Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19569, Iran 2. Department of Environmental Biodiversity, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan 4491874551, Iran 3. Department of Fisheries, Agricultural Science & Natural Resources University, Gorgan 1439955471, Iran 4. Department of Environmental Science, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India 5. Department of Agriculture, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan 18610307, Iran 6. Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
Nanotechnology has revolutionized plethora of scientific and technological fields; environmental safety is no exception. One of the most promising and well-developed environmental applications of nanotechnology has been in water remediation and treatment where different nanomaterials can help purify water through different mechanisms including adsorption of heavy metals and other pollutants, removal and inactivation of pathogens and transformation of toxic materials into less toxic compounds. For this purpose, nanomaterials have been produced in different shapes, integrated into various composites and functionalized with active components. Nanomaterials have also been incorporated in nanostructured catalytic membranes which can in turn help enhance water treatment. In this article, we have provided a succinct review of the most common and popular nanomaterials (titania, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), zero-valent iron, dendrimers and silver nanomaterials) which are currently used in environmental remediation and particularly in water purification. The catalytic properties and functionalities of the mentioned materials have also been discussed.
appropriate oxidationpotential of Mg coupled with low cost, high effectiveness and environmentalfriendliness
akaganeite-type nanocrystals
As(V), Cd ions and Cr(VI)
sorption
inorganic adsorbent material
nano/microscale FeO and Fe3O4
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
reductive transformation
smaller negative impact on the ecological environment compared to Fe0 NPs
granular activated carbon/Fe/Pd bimetallics
polychlorinated biphenyls
adsorption-mediated dechlorination and electrochemical catalysis
adsorption-mediated dechlorination is a unique feature of this material
Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) micro/nanostructure
organic pollutants
photodegradation
high activity, high degradation efficiency for organic pollutants
cuprous ferrite (CuFeO2)
heavy metal ions
photocatalytic reduction
p-type semiconductor characterized by a low optical gap- matched to the sun spectrum- long-term chemical stability in neutral solution
CuCrO2
heavy metal ions such as Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Ag+
photocatalytic reduction
p-type semiconductor characterized by a low band gap- long-term chemical stability
Co3O4
chlorinated compounds
decomposition by dechlorination
among the best dechlorination materials
nano-CeO2-modified CNTs (CeO2-CNTs)
As(V)
Adsorption
effective pH-dependent adsorbent for arsenate
ZnO NPs
chlorinated phenols
photocatalytic degradation
little photocorrosion of ZnO- ZnO can be reused
Tab.1
membrane structure
class
properties gained by addition of nano-component
nano TiO2
polymeric membranes
improvements in thermal stability, mechanical strength and mass transfer acceleration in exposure time, smoother surfaces
nano-alumina (Al2O3)
Polymeric membranes
significant differences in surface and intrinsic properties
silica NPs
polymeric membranes
superior thermal stabilityhigher separation efficiency and productivity fluxrelatively large pore sizes as well as higher pore number density
zeolite
polymeric membranes
–
CNT
polymeric membranes
diffusivity
TiO2
ceramic membranes
chemical resistance and high water permeability photocatalysis
silver NPs
ceramic membranes
mitigation of biofouling
iron oxide
ceramic membranes
functioning in sorbent catalysismore resistance to acids, corrosive media and oxidants than alumina-based NPsimprovement in water quality by significantly reducing the concentration of disinfection by-product precursorsreduction in ozonation by-products such as aldehydes, ketones and ketoacids
Al2O3 (Alumoxane)
ceramic membranes
high water permeability, narrow size distribution and good porosity- increase in selectivity and increased fluxretention coefficients and flux values could be altered by chemical functionalization
ferric oxide materials
ceramic membranes
resistant to acid, corrosive media and oxidantadvantage of no involvement of hazardous chemicals during the fabrication procedure
CNT
ceramic membranes
unique structure, sorbent, electric and thermal conductivity
Tab.2
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