1. Centre for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2. National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 3. The Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and GIS, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China
Screening of cost-effective soil amendments is important to develop “in situ” remediation techniques for cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. In this study, different soil amendments, including red mud, a by-product of the alumina industry, and acid-treated, nano-treated by nano-particle milling, nano and acid-treated red muds, zeolite, corn straw, and rape straw, were evaluated to immobilize Cd in two added levels (2 and 5 mg Cd·kg-1 soil) in a calcareous soil by single and sequential extractions and by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) pot experiments. Results indicated that cruciferous rape straw significantly decreased the concentrations of water soluble, extractable Cd in soils, and Cd in cucumber plants, and it was more effective than gramineous corn straw. Also, red mud generally decreased the extractability and bioavailability of Cd added to calcareous soils more effectively than zeolite. Furthermore, the efficiency of red mud could be increased by the treatment of nano-particle milling due to the increase in specific surface area of red mud. It is potential to use rape straw and red mud as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “in situ” remediation technology for Cd mildly contaminated calcareous soils.
. [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(3): 419-428.
Junxing YANG,Liqun WANG,Jumei LI,Dongpu WEI,Shibao CHEN,Qingjun GUO,Yibing MA. Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(3): 419-428.
1% NaCaHEDTA in 1 mol·L-1 NH4OAc, pH 8.3, 1:10, shaking 2 h
easily reducible Mn
ERMn
4
0.2% quinol in 1 mol·L-1 NH4OAc, pH 7.0, 1:10, shaking 1 h
carbonate
CA
5
0.5 mol·L-1 NaOAc-0.5 mol·L-1 HOAc, pH 4.74, 1:10, soaking 15 hand shaking 3 h
organic matter
OM
6
5 mL 30% H2O2, pH 4.74, digested twice at 85°C and extracted by 0.5 mol·L-1 NaOAc-0.5 mol·L-1 HOAc for 1 h
Fe and Al oxides
FeOx
7
0.175 mol·L-1 (NH4)2C2O4 -0.100 mol·L-1 H2C2O4, pH 3.25, 1:10, soaking 15 h and shaking 2 h in daylight
residual forms
RES
8
total minus sum of the extractable
Tab.1
Fig.1
Cd addition /(mg·kg-1 soil)
amendments
shoot Cd concentration/(mg·kg-1)
shoot Cd uptake/(mg·plant-1)
shoot yield/(g·plant-1)
2
CK
0.193±0.003 a
0.220±0.013 a
1.14±0.12 a
RM
0.143±0.009 cd
0.168±0.021 c
1.18±0.07 a
RMn
0.128±0.008 e
0.150±0.017 d
1.17±0.16 a
RMa
0.138±0.007 d
0.157±0.023 d
1.14±0.08 a
RMna
0.133±0.006 de
0.150±0.011 d
1.13±0.13 a
ZT
0.171±0.010 b
0.195±0.015 b
1.14±0.13 a
CS
0.154±0.005 c
0.183±0.026 bc
1.19±0.13 a
RS
0.127±0.004 e
0.154±0.018 d
1.21±0.11 a
5
CK
0.388±0.009a
0.419±0.034 a
1.08±0.09 a
RM
0.266±0.004 c
0.295±0.025 d
1.11±0.17a
RMn
0.212±0.014 e
0.244±0.029 f
1.15±0.09 a
RMa
0.242±0.005 d
0.286±0.014 de
1.18±0.13 a
RMna
0.237±0.009 d
0.268±0.019 e
1.13±0.09 a
ZT
0.309±0.010 b
0.362±0.031 b
1.17±0.20 a
CS
0.278±0.008 bc
0.317±0.029 c
1.14±0.08 a
RS
0.214±0.006 e
0.248±0.024 f
1.16±0.07 a
Tab.2
Fig.2
Cd addition/(mg·kg-1 soil)
amendments
pH
WS
EXC
EDTA
ERMn
CA
OM
FeOx
RES
2
CK
8.11
0.009±0.002a
0.41±0.011a
0.51±0.020b
0.121±0.004a
0.120±0.006b
0.112±0.002b
0.306±0.005b
0.412±0.026b
RM
8.14
0.006±0.001bc
0.27±0.016bc
0.51±0.016b
0.125±0.010a
0.140±0.004a
0.111±0.003b
0.362±0.016a
0.476±0.008a
RMn
8.16
0.005±0.001c
0.25±0.006c
0.52±0.014b
0.122±0.003a
0.137±0.005a
0.110±0.007b
0.374±0.012a
0.482±0.022a
RMa
8.09
0.007±0.002b
0.29±0.009b
0.52±0.015b
0.122±0.007a
0.139±0.006a
0.102±0.004b
0.363±0.015a
0.457±0.018a
RMna
8.1
0.006±0.001bc
0.26±0.011bc
0.52±0.015b
0.122±0.017a
0.137±0.012a
0.110±0.005b
0.374±0.006a
0.471±0.021a
ZT
8.02
0.007±0.002b
0.30±0.015b
0.62±0.028a
0.113±0.009a
0.136±0.004a
0.106±0.003b
0.315±0.006b
0.403±0.023b
CS
8.08
0.007±0.002b
0.31±0.023b
0.63±0.022a
0.119±0.015a
0.124±0.012b
0.122±0.011a
0.300±0.026b
0.388±0.021b
RS
8.07
0.005±0.001c
0.24±0.026c
0.68±0.037a
0.114±0.016a
0.126±0.017b
0.129±0.009a
0.301±0.024b
0.405±0.032b
5
CK
8.1
0.014±0.003a
1.11±0.033a
1.22±0.042b
0.30±0.013a
0.27±0.011ab
0.37±0.016b
0.77±0.026a
0.95±0.025ab
RM
8.12
0.007±0.002c
0.88±0.026cd
1.26±0.028b
0.29±0.013a
0.29±0.015a
0.36±0.018b
0.81±0.011a
1.10±0.035a
RMn
8.14
0.006±0.001c
0.85±0.017cd
1.30±0.037b
0.30±0.017a
0.30±0.026a
0.34±0.020b
0.82±0.014a
1.08±0.034a
RMa
8.08
0.009±0.002b
0.87±0.019cd
1.30±0.036b
0.29±0.018a
0.28±0.013ab
0.36±0.011b
0.80±0.029a
1.09±0.059a
RMna
8.06
0.008±0.002bc
0.86±0.032cd
1.29±0.027b
0.29±0.016a
0.30±0.013a
0.34±0.012b
0.81±0.016a
1.10±0.033a
ZT
7.99
0.009±0.002b
0.91±0.021c
1.40±0.035a
0.29±0.021a
0.27±0.012ab
0.35±0.016b
0.78±0.023a
0.99±0.036ab
CS
8.03
0.009±0.002b
0.96±0.012bc
1.41±0.042a
0.26±0.018b
0.26±0.011b
0.49±0.027a
0.77±0.021a
0.84±0.025b
RS
8.05
0.006±0.001c
0.84±0.022d
1.46±0.036a
0.28±0.023ab
0.27±0.016ab
0.51±0.025a
0.78±0.034a
0.86±0.028b
Tab.3
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