1. Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality, Ministry of Agriculture/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China 2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Stabilization in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils has been gaining prominence because of its cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation. In this study, microbial properties such as microbial community and enzyme activities, chemical properties such as soil pH and metal fraction, and heavy metal accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were considered in assessing stabilization remediation effectiveness using sepiolite. Results showed that soil pH values increased with rising sepiolite concentration. Sequential extraction results indicated that the addition of sepiolite converted significant amounts of exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb into residual form. Treatments of sepiolite were observed to reduce Cd and Pb translocation from the soil to the roots and shoots of spinach. Concentrations of Cd and Pb exhibited 12.6%–51.0% and 11.5%–46.0% reduction for the roots, respectively, and 0.9%–46.2% and 43.0%–65.8% reduction for the shoots, respectively, compared with the control group. Increase in fungi and actinomycete counts, as well as in catalase activities, indicated that soil metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatments.
8 mL of 1.0 mmol·L−1 MgCl2 at pH 7.0 for 1 h at 25°C
fraction 2
bound to carbonate orweakly specifically adsorbed (WSA)
8 mL of 1.0 mmol·L−1 NaAc adjusted to pH 5.0 with acetic acid for 5.0 h
fraction 3
bound to Fe-Mn oxides (OX)
20 mL of 0.04 mmol·L−1 NH2·HCl in 25% (v) acetic acid (pH 2.0) for 6.0 h at 96°C
fraction 4
bound to organic matter (OM)
3 mL of 30% H2O2 and 0.02 mol·L−1HNO3 (pH 2.0) for 2.0 h at 85°C, followed by 3 mL 30% (v) H2O2 (pH 2.0) for 3.0 h at 85°C and then 5 mL of 3.2 mmol·L−1 NH4Ac in 20% HNO3 diluted to 20 mL at room temperature for 0.5 h
fraction 5
residual (RES)
the above four fractions subtracted from the total metal content
Tab.1
sepiolite/%
pH
shoot dry weight
Cd accumulation factor
Pb accumulation factor
bacteria / (107·g−1 soil)
fungi/(105·g−1 soil)
actinomycete/(106·g−1 soil)
shoot
root
shoot
root
0
7.72±0.02d
2.69±0.05a
0.67
1.83
0.0076
0.0876
1.17a
2.25ab
1.05b
0.5
7.81±0.01c
2.49±0.08ab
0.66
1.60
0.0043
0.0775
0.76b
2.30ab
1.07b
1
7.85±0.00c
2.13±0.11cd
0.63
1.52
0.0035
0.0670
0.64bc
2.85a
1.44ab
3
7.92±0.02b
2.38±0.13bc
0.51
1.18
0.0031
0.0597
0.41c
2.05b
1.45ab
5%
8.03±0.02a
1.89±0.10d
0.36
0.90
0.0026
0.0473
0.29cd
2.00b
1.75a
Tab.2
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
pH
SE-Cd
SE-Pb
shoot biomass
catalase
urease
invertase
shoot Cd concentration
shoot Pb concentration
pH
1
−0.79
−0.99**
−0.99**
0.86
−0.97**
−0.82
−0.83
−0.86
SE-Cd
1
0.85
0.72
−0.97**
0.87
0.48
0.96**
0.80
SE-Pb
1
0.96**
−0.89*
0.99**
0.83
0.87
0.88*
shoot biomass
1
−0.83
0.94*
0.80
0.78
0.82
catalase
1
−0.90*
−0.51
−0.92*
−0.86
urease
1
0.83
0.86
0.92*
invertase
1
0.51
0.74
shoot Cd concentration
1
0.68
shoot Pb concentration
1
Tab.3
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