Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health
María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro1(), Elizabeth Selene Gómez-Acata1, Carolina Brunner-Mendoza2
1. Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico 2. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
• The airborne bacteria of Mexico City are representative of urban environments.
• Particle material<10 µm influenced the type and quantity of airborne bacteria.
• The diversity and richness of bacteria were higher in the rainy season.
• The emission & transport of airborne bacteria determine the atmosphere’s microbiome.
• Bacterias as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Staphylococcus were in the air of Mexico City.
Bacteria in the air present patterns in space and time produced by different sources and environmental factors. Few studies have focused on the link between airborne pathogenic bacteria in densely populated cities, and the risk to the population’s health. Bacteria associated with particulate matter (PM) were monitored from the air of Mexico City (Mexico). We employed a metagenomic approach to characterise bacteria using the 16S rRNA gene. Airborne bacteria sampling was carried out in the north, centre, and south of Mexico City, with different urbanisation rates, during 2017. Bacteria added to the particles were sampled using high-volume PM10 samplers. To ascertain significant differences in bacterial diversity between zones and seasons, the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon tests were done on alpha diversity parameters. Sixty-three air samples were collected, and DNA was sequenced using next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that the bacterial phyla in the north and south of the city were Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, while in the central zone there were more Actinobacteria. There were no differences in the alpha diversity indices between the sampled areas. According to the OTUs, the richness of bacteria was higher in the central zone. Alpha diversity was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the Shannon index and the OTUs observed were higher in the central zone in the dry season. Pathogenic bacteria such as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Micrococcus predominated in both seasonal times, while Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Nocardioides were found during the rainy season, with a presence in the central zone.
Corresponding Author(s):
María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro
引用本文:
. [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2022, 16(9): 120.
María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro, Elizabeth Selene Gómez-Acata, Carolina Brunner-Mendoza. Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(9): 120.
Urbanisation rate& (9209944 Inhabitants of Mexico City***)
Area (km2)*
Coyoacán (S)
93.05%
6.95%
0.00%
100%
620416
6.74
53.62
Gustavo A. Madero (N)
83.53%
16.31%
0.16%
100%
1185772
12.9
87.38
Cuauhtémoc (C)
100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
100%
521348
5.66
32.34
Tab.1
Fig.1
Fig.2
Alpha diversity parameter
Zone
Kruskal-Wallis test
Mean North
Mean Centre
Mean South
p value
Simpson
0.846
0.924
0.923
0.789
Shannon
5.004
5.689
5.199
0.134
Observed OTUs
226.000
253.000
199.000
0.007*
Tab.2
Alpha diversity parameter
Season
Wilcoxon test
Mean Dry
Mean Rainy
p value
Simpson
0.868
0.938
<0.001
Shannon
4.908
5.800
<0.001
Observed OTUs
208.000
248.000
<0.001
Season
Alpha diversity parameter
Zone
Kruskal-Wallis test
North
Centre
South
p value
Dry
Simpson
0.769
0.903
0.918
0.011*
Shannon
4.277
5.400
4.948
0.007**
Observed OTUs
201.000
242.000
179.000
0.002***
Rainy
Simpson
0.939
0.948
0.929
0.268
Shannon
5.893
6.027
5.498
0.424
Observed OTUs
257.000
266.000
223.000
0.183
Tab.3
Fig.3
Fig.4
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