1. Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh 2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science of Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh 3. Faculty of Heat and Refrigeration Engineering, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, Danang 550000, Vietnam 4. Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia 5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
● A global snapshot of plastic waste generation and disposal is analysed.
● Effect of plastic pollution on environment and terrestrial ecosystem is reviewed.
● Ecotoxicity and food security from plastic pollution is discussed.
Plastic is considered one of the most indispensable commodities in our daily life. At the end of life, the huge ever-growing pile of plastic waste (PW) causes serious concerns for our environment, including agricultural farmlands, groundwater quality, marine and land ecosystems, food toxicity and human health hazards. Lack of proper infrastructure, financial backup, and technological advancement turn this hazardous waste plastic management into a serious threat to developing countries, especially for Bangladesh. A comprehensive review of PW generation and its consequences on environment in both global and Bangladesh contexts is presented. The dispersion routes of PW from different sources in different forms (microplastic, macroplastic, nanoplastic) and its adverse effect on agriculture, marine life and terrestrial ecosystems are illustrated in this work. The key challenges to mitigate PW pollution and tackle down the climate change issue is discussed in this work. Moreover, way forward toward the design and implementation of proper PW management strategies are highlighted in this study.
Harmful to overall environment as it contains chemical substances such as carbon black, clay, silica, sulphur, etc.
Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates
Land and water both
Endocrine disruptive substances have the potential to alter hormone regulation in both wildlife and people.Shows harmful effects on aquatic species also.
Leachate Exposure
Water
Negative effects on a variety of organisms, including fish, photosynthetic bacteria, and Daphnia spp., brown mussels, barnacles.
Tab.1
Country
Existing laws and significance
Level
Legislation
Impact
Bangladesh
National
Ban on polyethene plastic bags (2002).
The public’s immediate reaction was good. Unwillingness of law enforcement authorities and the unavailability of low-cost alternatives, the usage of polymer bags surged after a few years.
India
National
Non-degradable plastic bags (< 50 μm) are prohibited (2016).
Information is not available.
Local-Punjab
Single-use plastic (SUP) carry handbags and buckets are prohibited from being manufactured, stocked, distributed, sold, or used.
Information is not available.
Local-West Bengal
From 2001 forward, several restrictions were imposed. West Bengal has imposed a total ban on plastic bags < 40 μm in some places.
Information is not available.
France
National
Prohibition on all plastic bags except biodegradable bags was amended in 2017 to include lightweight SUP carrying bags (< 50 μm and < 10 L).
Information is not available.
Rwanda
National
All polymer bags are prohibited from being manufactured, used, imported, or sold.
The restriction resulted in illegal market for plastic bags in the first phase. Plastic bags are gradually being replaced with paper bags.
Sweden
National
Supermarkets are required by law to educate customers about the negative impacts of plastic on the environment.
Information is not available.
Ireland
National
Impose a tariff on a customer for the use of plastic bags. The goal is to reduce usage to no more than 21 bags/person per year.
Plastic bag use went down by more than 90% in the first year after the fee was implemented.
China
National
Non-decomposable plastic bags < 25 μm are prohibited, and consumers must pay a fee for thicker bags.
Plastic bag usage has decreased by 60% to 80% in Chinese shops.
Local-Hong Kong
Levy on the consumer.
Only a few chains and outlets have been affected as a result of the deployment. The levy was expanded to over 100000 business holders in 2015. Within the first year, 25% fewer bags were discarded in landfills.
USA
Local- Washington
Levy has been imposed on purchaser (USD 0.05) for plastic bags.
According to a poll conducted in 2014, the average weekly usage of plastic bags reduced from 10 to 4.
Canada
Local-Leaf Rapids
In Leaf Rapids, plastic bags are prohibited.
Information is not available.
Local-Montreal
Plastic bags < 50 μm are prohibited in Montreal.
Information is not available.
United Arab Emirates
National
The Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD) has unveiled a strategy to eliminate SUP from the emirate by 2021.
Information is not available.
Tab.2
Country
Plastic bag bans /restrictions
Thickness thresholds for plastic bags
Require recycling within the regulation of plastic bag
Bans and restrictions on single-use plastic
Recycling mandated
Micro-beads prohibition law
Voluntary approaches to control micro-beads
Bangladesh
Yes
30 microns or less
No
No ban
No
No
Information is not available.
India
No
Minimum 50 µm
Yes
No ban
Yes
No
Information is not available.
France
Yes
Under 50 µm
No
Ban on free distribution
No
Cannot sell
Govt. statements of support for phase-out or ban of Micro-beads.Private company and/or association honorary industry get rid of action.
Rwanda
Yes
Not applicable
No
No ban
No
No
Information is not available.
Sweden
No
Not applicable
Yes
No ban
No
Cannot sell
Govt. statements of support for phase-out or ban of microbeads.Eco-leveling.
Ireland
Yes
Not applicable
No
No ban
Yes
No
Govt. statements of support for phase-out or ban of microbeads.
China
Yes
Information not available
No
Ban on import
No
No
Private company and/or association honorary industry get rid of action.
USA
No
Not applicable
No
No ban
No
Can not manufacture, sell, package and import.
Information is not available.
Canada
No
Not applicable
No
Ban on manufacture
No
Can not manufacture, sell and import.
Private company and/or association honorary industry get rid of action.
United Arab Emirates
Yes
Not applicable
No
Ban on manufacture and import
No
No
Information is not available.
Tab.3
Fig.5
Types of plastic
Characteristics
Uses
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
? Totally rigid or flexible? Highly resistant to Chemical and weather? A rampant barrier against H2O and gas? Melting temperature is 260–280 °C? Its density is 1.38–1.51 g/cm3
Soda, fruit juice, water, cooking oil bottles, packing trays, frozen ready-meal trays, first-aid kit blankets, polar fleece and so on.
High density polyethylene (HDPE)
? Incredibly strong considering its density which is 0.959 g/cm3? Solid material? Can tolerate high temperatures (Melting temperature is 210–270 °C) and strong chemicals
Mostly used to make containers for cleaning solution and soap. In addition, containers for food and beverages, bottles of cleaning products, pipes, chopping boards, and some shoe components.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
? Exceptionally resistant to bio-chemical attack? Management is easy so as converting into desired shape? It is one of the most versatile? Melting temperature is 160–210 °C, and density is 1.384 g/cm3
Widely used to make sewage pipes. Furthermore, in the construction, health care device making, electronics device like cable making, automobile sector and so on.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
? Highly non-reactive material at general living temperatures? It can endure temperatures of up to100 °C? Melting temperature is 180–240 °C, and density is 0.925 g/cm3? It is certainly more resilient
Various containers and trays making, bottles for drug preservation and transport, wash bottles, computer hardware components, moulded equipment for laboratory use.
Polypropylene (PP)
? Enough strong and flexible? It has too much high tolerance against high temperatures (Melting temperature is 200–280 °C)? Its density is 0.905 g/cm3
Mostly known as food-safe materials. It is considered as most thermoplastics. In addition, use to manufacture hot juice and yogurt containers, jars, pallets etc.
Polystyrene
? Thermoplastic polymer ? When exposed to high temperatures, it excretes potentially harmful compounds? Melting temperature is 170–280 °C? Its density is 1.05 g/cm3
Use to make teacups, boxes, egg containers and packaging foams etc. However, as it releases toxic chemicals in response to high heat, it should not be used to serve or preserve hot food items like soup.
Biodegradable plastic
? Alternative to traditional plastic bag? Decomposed within 3–4 months in soil? Tensile strength of Sonali bag is 1.6 higher than of PP/PET bags? Elongation at break is 35.52%? Named as Sonali bag with cellulose as main component that prevents CO2 emission? Environment friendly
Used as packing materials for food, clothes or any other materials.
Tab.4
Fig.6
Water parameters (Mean)
Standard value for water
After Pollution (Buriganga) (Year 2018)
Drinking water
Inland water
Irrigation water
Temperature ( °C)
20–30
40
20–30
22.80 to 31.40
DO (mg/L)
≥ 6
4.5–8.0
≥ 5
0.22 to 2.74
pH
6.5–8.5
6.0–9.0
6.5–8.5
7.61 to 8.97
Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)
–
1200
700–3000
180 to 598
TDS (mg/L)
1000
2100
450–2000
–
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