1. College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China 2. College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China 3. College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China 4. Department of Resource and Civil Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Tai’an 271019, China
● High fluorine is mainly HCO3·Cl-Na and HCO3-Na type.
● F− decreases with the increase of depth to water table.
● High fluoride is mainly affected by fluorine-containing minerals and weak alkaline.
● Fluorine pollution is mainly in the north near Laizhou Bay (wet season > dry season).
● Groundwater samples have a high F− health risk (children > adults).
Due to the unclear distribution characteristics and causes of fluoride in groundwater of Mihe-Weihe River Basin (China), there is a higher risk for the future development and utilization of groundwater. Therefore, based on the systematic sampling and analysis, the distribution features and enrichment mechanism for fluoride in groundwater were studied by the graphic method, hydrogeochemical modeling, the proportionality factor between conventional ions and factor analysis. The results show that the fluorine content in groundwater is generally on the high side, with a large area of medium-fluorine water (0.5–1.0 mg/L), and high-fluorine water is chiefly in the interfluvial lowlands and alluvial-marine plain, which mainly contains HCO3·Cl-Na- and HCO3-Na-type water. The vertical zonation characteristics of the fluorine content decrease with increasing depth to the water table. The high flouride groundwater during the wet season is chiefly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of fluorine-containing minerals, as well as the influence of rock weathering, evaporation and concentration. The weak alkaline environment that is rich in sodium and poor in calcium during the dry season is the main reason for the enrichment of fluorine. Finally, an integrated assessment model is established using rough set theory and an improved matter element extension model, and the level of groundwater pollution caused by fluoride in the Mihe-Weihe River Basin during the wet and dry seasons in the Shandong Peninsula is defined to show the necessity for local management measures to reduce the potential risks caused by groundwater quality.
. [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2023, 17(6): 70.
Xingyue Qu, Peihe Zhai, Longqing Shi, Xingwei Qu, Ahmer Bilal, Jin Han, Xiaoge Yu. Distribution, enrichment mechanism and risk assessment for fluoride in groundwater: a case study of Mihe-Weihe River Basin, China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(6): 70.
Classifications of fluorine content in groundwater (mg/L)
Total
Low fluorine water(F?<0.50)
Medium fluorine water(0.50≤F?≤1.00)
High fluorine water(F?>1.00)
Wet season
Numbers
35.00
38.00
14.00
87.00
Min/Max
0.22/0.49
0.50/0.94
1.09/8.49
0.22/8.49
Mean
0.38
0.62
2.29
0.79
Std.
0.07
0.11
1.90
1.00
Dry season
Numbers
65.00
19.00
8.00
92.00
Min/Max
0.19/0.49
0.50/0.92
1.09/6.48
0.19/6.48
Mean
0.32
0.67
2.35
0.57
Std.
0.07
0.14
1.87
0.78
Tab.2
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Indices
Wet season Principal components
Dry season Principal components
1
2
1
2
Ca2+ (mg/L)
?0.859
?0.028
?0.263
0.808
pH
0.834
0.165
?0.158
?0.633
F? (mg/L)
0.679
0.471
0.685
?0.490
HCO3? (mg/L)
0.128
0.803
0.840
0.031
Mg2+ (mg/L)
?0.493
0.686
0.391
0.686
Na+ (mg/L)
0.520
0.676
0.776
0.095
Ground height (m)
?0.276
?0.438
?0.549
?0.166
Eigenvalue
3.015
1.498
2.326
1.802
Variance contribution (%)
35.732
28.739
33.220
25.743
Accumulating contribution rate (%)
35.732
64.471
33.220
58.963
Tab.3
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Indexes
Pollution degree
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
Level 6
wet season
dry season
wet season
dry season
wet season
dry season
wet season
dry season
wet season
dry season
wet season
dry season
CF
0.065
?0.046
?0.065
0.108
0.170
0.417
0.524
0.880
EF
0.999
0.013
0.998
0.012
0.995
0.011
0.979
0.002
0.959
?0.002
0.000
0.009
Igeo
0.019
?0.312
?0.019
1.100
0.381
1.574
0.781
2.048
Tab.4
Indexes
Season
CF
Wet season
0.908
0.325
Dry season
0.935
0.335
EF
Wet season
0.977
0.350
Dry season
0.967
0.346
Igeo
Wet season
0.908
0.325
Dry season
0.891
0.319
Tab.5
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
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