1. College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China 2. Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China 3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
● The milestones underlying studies and mechanisms are summarized.
● Problematic biofilms can be removed by nanozymes through multiple strategies.
● Surface reactivity regulation can improve the antibiofilm efficiency of nanozymes.
● Machine learning-assisted nanozyme design can help improve treatment efficiency.
Current microbial control strategies face challenges in keeping up with the escalation of microbial problems due to the presence of biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective and robust strategies to control problematic biofilms in water treatment and reuse systems. Nanozymes, which have intrinsic biocatalytic activity and broad antibacterial spectra, hold promise for controlling resilient biofilms. This review summarizes the milestones of nanozyme studies and their applications as antibiofilm agents. The mechanisms behind the antibacterial, quorum quenching, and depolymerizing properties of nanozymes with different enzyme activities are discussed. Notably, the surface and composition of nanozymes are crucial for their efficacy in biofilm control; thus, rationally designed nanozymes can increase their effectiveness. Additionally, the challenges of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents in realistic scenarios are investigated along with proposed strategies to overcome these challenges. Prospects of nanozyme-based biofilm control, such as machine learning-assisted nanozyme design, are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights the potential of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents and provides insights into the future design of nanozymes for biofilm control.
Generation of •OH and change the cell membrane permeability
Pan et al. (2022)
Zn-Nx-C
Lactonase
P. aeruginosa
Hydrolyzing QS signaling compound
Gao et al. (2023a)
CeO2–x nanorods
Haloperoxidase
E. coli
Oxidative quorum sensing signal compounds
Hu et al. (2018)
CeO2
Haloperoxidase
P. aeruginosa
Oxidative quorum sensing signal compounds
Jegel et al. (2022)
Cu–Fe3O4
Horseradish peroxidas, Superoxide dismutase and Catalase
MRSA
Interfere with metabolic and quorum sensing processes
Jin et al. (2024)
MoS2/rGO
Oxidase, peroxidase and catalase
E. coli, S. aureus
Elevated bacterial capture capacity and ROS destruction
Wang et al. (2020a)
Defect-richCu-nanowire
Peroxidase
E. coli, S. aureus
Enhanced bacteria binding capacity and Generation of •OH
Cao et al. (2019)
MOF@Au NPs
DNase
S. aureus
Hydrolyzing eDNA and enhanced penetration of nanozyme
Guo et al. (2023)
Pd@Ir
Oxidase, peroxidase and catalase
MRSA, E. coli
Enhanced generated of •OH and 1O2
Ye et al. (2022)
Tab.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
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