1. College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China 2. Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
● Electrochemical degradations of the organochlorine pollutants are reviewed.
● Materials and mechanisms of the degradation are introduced.
● Different environmental and property of POCPs are compared.
● Development and applications of modified degradation materials are discussed.
● Molecular, electrode material and solution influences are also illustrated.
Pollution from persistent organic chlorinated pollutants (POCPs) in water environments is attributable to historical reasons and the lack of effective discharge regulations. Electrochemical degradation of POCPs, as a key study for POCP degradation, involves the use of electrons as reducing or oxidizing agents. The occurrence of this degradation depends on the environmental characteristics of the POCPs, the electrochemical materials used, and the technology and mechanisms involved. Furthermore, regarding the development of new materials and technologies, such as micro-, nano-, and atomic-sized materials, the degradation of POCPs achieves higher degradation efficiency and maximizes current utilization efficiency. In this review article, we first summarize the current status and future opportunities of the electrochemical degradation of POCPs. Environmental characteristics of POCPs facilitate a comparison of POCP degradation, and a comparison of electrochemical materials and their methods is made. Subsequently, we discuss technologies for the electrochemical degradation of POCPs from three aspects: oxidation, reduction, and a combination of oxidation and reduction. Moreover, the mechanisms were generalized in terms of molecular structure, electrode materials, and solution environment. In addition to maximizing the intrinsic enhancement factors of degradation, strategies to improve environmental accessibilities are equally important. This review article aims to effectively guide the advancement of POCP degradation and the remediation of environmental water pollution.
High concentration, in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceuticalwastewaters
Wu et al. (2023)
Noble-metal-free 3D hierarchical Ni-WC
4-CP
Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination
Current efficiency of 13.9%, low concentration
Wang et al. (2023d)
Nanoporous NiPd
Benzaldehyde
Electrocatalytic hydrogenation
High turnover frequency value, low concentration
Cheng et al. (2023)
Pd/C@CF
Methyl blue and Tetracycline
Heterogeneous electro-Fenton
Utilization of H* toward a rapid HEF oxidation, industrial,agricultural, and pharmaceutical wastewater
Fe-Ni/rGO/Ni foam
chlorinated alkenes
EHDC
Faradaic efficiency was over 78.8%, in groundwater and surface water
Tang et al. (2022)
Electron-rich Fe-N4
Trichloroacetamide DBP
Direct dechlorination
37% of current efficiency, drinking water at end-control
Lou et al. (2022)
Pd/Ni2P-Ni foam nanosheet array
Chlorophenols
Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination
In situphosphatization-electrodeposition, simultaneous removal of trace 4-CP and nitrite
Li et al. (2022)
Pd/carbon-nanotubes (CNTs)-Nafion/Ti
2,3,5-Trichlorophenol
Electrochemical reduction
9.4%, initial pH 2, high concentration
Sun et al. (2017)
Pd/MWCNTs
4-Chlorophenol
Electrochemical hydrogen reduction
94%–54%, initial pH 5.7, 4-CP (0.2 mmol/L)
Shu et al. (2019)
Carbon supported Pd
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Adsorption and reduction dechlorination
initial pH 5.7
Zhou et al. (2019)
Pd/PPy-rGO/NF
4-Chlorophenol
Electrochemical hydrogen dechlorination
39.9%, initial pH 3, 4-CP (100 mg/L)
Yu et al. (2020)
Carbon nanomaterials
1,2-Dichloroethylene
Electrochemical dechlorination
High concentration
Gan et al. (2021)
A-Pd-NC
4-Chlorophenol
Electrochemical hydrogen dechlorination
3.6%, initial pH 3
Mao et al. (2021)
CTAB-Pd/GAC
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Electrochemical reduction
9.8 × 10−3 min/g, added CTAB (80 mg/g)
Zhou et al. (2021)
Cu–Ni bimetal
TCE
Hydrogen dechlorination
6%, finial pH 4.7
Liu et al. (2018)
rGO-Fe/Ni
TCE
Hydrogen dechlorination
water and wastewater treatment
Sahu et al. (2018)
Amorphous nickel phosphide
TCAA
Electrochemical dechlorination
66.3%, dechlorination in a broad pH range
Yao et al. (2019)
Ni-P/MWCNTs
Hexachlorobenzene
Electrochemical dechlorination
In DMF
Lemesh et al., (2020)
Pd-NiMOF/Ni
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Electrochemical hydrogen dechlorination
Adsorption and hydrogenolysis, in a broad pH range
Shen et al. (2020)
MoS2
FLO
Electrochemical oxidation
Antibiotic wastewater, initial pH = 5.75
Yang et al. (2022a)
A-Ni-N-C
Chloroacetic acid
Electrochemical dechlorination
60%, in a broad pH range
Xu et al. (2020)
A-Pd-SiC
Chlorophenols
Electrochemical dechlorination
H2 purging
Chu et al. (2021)
A-Fe-N-C
1,2-Dichloroethylene
Electrochemical dechlorination
Groundwater remediation
Deng et al. (2021)
Microorganism
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Microbial fuel cell
In a broad pH range, effluent
Leon-Fernandez et al. (2021)
organic copper ligand
CH2Cl2
electrochemical dechlorination
Heterogeneous method
Williams et al. (2021)
A-Fe/Cu-NPC
4-Chlorophenol
Electrochemical fenton
In a broad pH range, long-term stable
Zhao et al. (2021)
Tab.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
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