Bromide and its associated brominated disinfection byproducts: occurrence, toxicity and control strategies
Yun-Yi Zhou1, Chang-Jie Yuan1, Zhi-Jing Wu1, Jin Zhang2, Bao-Jun Xu1, Jie-Yu Cao1, Min-Yong Lee3, Zhuo Chen4, Ye Du1()
. College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China . Sichuan Science City Tianren Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Mianyang 621900, China . Division of Chemical Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea . School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
The use of chemical disinfectants inactivates pathogens, but it also leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) exhibit a high level of toxicity, so a comprehensive understanding of their generation, toxicity and control strategies is needed. This study examines the research papers covering bromide concentrations in surface water, groundwater, or wastewater, involving 380 sampling sites. Additionally, the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and developmental toxicity of Br-DBPs are summarized. The formation mechanisms of Br-DBPs in ozonation, chlorine-based, and persulfate-based disinfection processes are summarized, and an evaluation of control strategies for Br-DBPs and their associated toxicity is provided. The concentrations of bromide in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater in coastal areas are generally higher than those in inland areas, which are also affected by climate, topography, and the source of water. The toxicity of different types of Br-DBPs is different. The elevation of bromide concentration enhances the water toxicity, particularly in relation to ozonation. The introduction of 1000 μg/L bromide results in a 3.06-fold increase in cytotoxicity and a 4.72-fold increase in genotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia (NH3–N) exhibit effective bromate control, but H2O2 demonstrates limits efficacy in controlling Br-DBPs, while NH3–N poses the risk of increased toxicity, up to a 2.86-fold increase in genotoxicity. Ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) and Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) can effectively control Br-DBPs and toxicity but may promote bromate generation. This review will deepen the understanding of Br-DBPs and their toxicity generation behavior, thereby contributing to the further optimization and development of processes for Br-DBPs control.
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