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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front Envir Sci Eng    0, Vol. Issue () : 10-18    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0458-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China
Qiang WANG1, Lijuan ZHAO1, Xuekun FANG1, Jianhua XU1, Yifan LI2, Yehong SHI1, Jianxin HU1()
1. State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 2. International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Abstract

Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methanoindane) is one of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which has been listed as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to be reduced and finally eliminated in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, because of its great persistence, toxicity, bio-accumulation and long-range transport potential. It is critical to create a national chlordane usage inventories for China to compile chlordane emission inventories, which is helpful for carrying out risk assessments and other researches related to chlordane in China. The annual data of chlordane usage was calculated and modified in accordance with the reported annual production of chlordane which was caculated on the basis of the termite distribution, the data of chlordane usage rate and the annual new construction area (NCA). With the help of Geographic Information System, the usage data of this NCA were allocated to a grid system then, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution and a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Between 1988 and 2008, the total usage of chlordane in China was 2745 t, accounting for approximately 80% of the production in the same period. Zhejiang Province was the largest consumer of chlordane in China, whose usage adds up to 980 t, greatly exceeding other provinces/regions, followed by Jiangsu Province (534 t) and Sichuan Province (428 t). The region with the least usage of chlordane was Beijing. Provinces of Guizhou, Henan and Hebei did not use any chlordane, even though termites had occurred in these provinces. Gridded usage inventories showed that the intensive use of chlordane was concentrated in the south-east part of China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in particular. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimated data of annual usage and the reported annual production of chlordane, and by the consistence between distribution pattern of chlordane’s usage and ambient air concentration.
Keywords chlordane      inventories      termites      China      new construction area (NCA)     
Corresponding Author(s): HU Jianxin,Email:jianxin@pku.edu.cn   
Issue Date: 01 February 2013
 Cite this article:   
Qiang WANG,Lijuan ZHAO,Xuekun FANG, et al. Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 0, (): 10-18.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-012-0458-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/10
Fig.1  Production, domestic sale and export of chlordane in China from 1970 to 2008
Fig.1  Production, domestic sale and export of chlordane in China from 1970 to 2008
Fig.2  Areas where termites prevail and areas where chlordane has been applied in China
Fig.2  Areas where termites prevail and areas where chlordane has been applied in China
Fig.3  Distribution of China’s new construction area in 2000
Fig.3  Distribution of China’s new construction area in 2000
Fig.4  Distribution of China’s urban population in 2000
Fig.4  Distribution of China’s urban population in 2000
Fig.5  Calculated annual usage and annual production of chlordane in China from 1988 to 2008
Fig.5  Calculated annual usage and annual production of chlordane in China from 1988 to 2008
Fig.6  Accumulative usage of chlordane from 1988 to 2008 based on provinces/autonomous regions
Fig.6  Accumulative usage of chlordane from 1988 to 2008 based on provinces/autonomous regions
Fig.7  Accumulative usage of chlordane from 1988 to 2008 based on prefectures
Fig.7  Accumulative usage of chlordane from 1988 to 2008 based on prefectures
Fig.8  Top 10 prefectures with highest chlordane use rate
Fig.8  Top 10 prefectures with highest chlordane use rate
Fig.9  Chlordane use rate for provinces and autonomous regions
Fig.9  Chlordane use rate for provinces and autonomous regions
Fig.10  Distribution of chlordane Usage in China from 1988 to 2008 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution
Fig.10  Distribution of chlordane Usage in China from 1988 to 2008 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution
Fig.11  Air concentration (pg/m) of total chlordane in China (The data for the red bars are calculated from the data by Jaward et al. (2005) []. The data for the blue bars are from monitoring data from Global Air Passive Sampling (GAPS) study []. Note the different scales for the red and blue bars.)
Fig.11  Air concentration (pg/m) of total chlordane in China (The data for the red bars are calculated from the data by Jaward et al. (2005) []. The data for the blue bars are from monitoring data from Global Air Passive Sampling (GAPS) study []. Note the different scales for the red and blue bars.)
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