Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation

doi:10.1007/s11783-016-0828-z

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

0, Vol.

Issue () : 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0828-z

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation

He NIU,Ziwei MO,Min SHAO(

),Sihua LU,Shaodong XIE

State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Download: PDF(2143 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

We develop a multi-effect evaluation method to assess integrated impact of VOCs.

Enable policy-makers to identify important emission sources, regions, and key species.

Solvent usage and industrial process are the most important anthropogenic sources.

Styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene are key species to be cut.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the atmosphere via three main pathways: photochemical ozone formation, secondary organic aerosol production, and direct toxicity to humans. Few studies have integrated these effects to prioritize control measures for VOCs sources. In this study, we developed a multi-effects evaluation methodology based on updated emission inventories and source profiles, by combining the ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and VOC toxicity data. We derived species-specific emission inventories for 152 sources. The OFPs, SOAPs, and toxicity of each source were estimated, the contribution and sharing of source to each of these adverse effects were calculated. Weightings were given to the three adverse effects by expert scoring, and then the integrated effect was determined. Taking 2012 as the base year, solvent use and industrial process were found to be the most important anthropogenic sources, accounting for 24.2% and 23.1% of the integrated effect, respectively, followed by biomass burning, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, each had a similar contribution ranging from 16.7% to 18.6%. The top five industrial sources, including plastic products, rubber products, chemical fiber products, the chemical industry, and oil refining, accounted for nearly 70.0% of industrial emissions. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong were the five provinces contributing the largest integrated effects. For the VOC species from emissions showed the largest contributions were styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene.

Keywords Ozone formation Secondary organic aerosol Multi-effects evaluation VOC abatement strategy

Corresponding Author(s): Min SHAO

Issue Date: 09 May 2016

Cite this article:

He NIU,Ziwei MO,Min SHAO, et al. Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 0, (): 1.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-016-0828-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/1

species	MIR/(g O₃·g^–¹ VOC)	SOAP^a)	toxicity	?species	MIR/(g O₃·g^–¹ VOC)	SOAP^a)	toxicity
ethane	0.281	0.1	0	?1-hexene	5.492	0	0
propane	0.489	0	0	?ethyne	0.954	0.1	0
i-butane	1.230	0	0	?benzene	0.721	92.9	4
n-butane	1.151	0.3	0	?toluene	4.005	100	2
cyclopentane	2.392	0	0	?m/p-xylene	9.750	84.5	2
i-pentane	1.446	0.2	0	?ethylbenzene	3.038	111.6	2
n-pentane	1.313	0.3	0	?o-xylene	7.640	95.5	2
methylcyclopentane	2.191	0	0	?styrene	1.733	212.3	2
cyclohexane	1.250	0	0	?1,2,3-trimethylbenzene	11.971	43.9	1
2,2-dimethylbutane	1.173	0	0	?1,2,4-trimethylbenzene	8.872	20.6	1
2,3-dimethylbutane	0.969	0	0	?1,3,5-trimethylbenzene	11.763	13.5	1
2-methylpentane	1.502	0	0	?i-propylbenzene	2.516	95.5	1
3-methylpentane	1.805	0.2	0	?m-ethyltoluene	7.391	100.6	0
n-hexane	1.244	0.1	1	?n-propylbenzene	2.025	109.7	1
methylcyclohexane	1.698	0	0	?o-ethyltoluene	5.586	94.8	0
2,3-dimethylPentane	1.344	0.4	0	?p-ethyltoluene	4.444	69.7	0
2,4-dimethylpentane	1.549	0	0	?m-diethylbenzene	7.098	0	0
2-methylhexane	1.190	0	0	?p-diethylbenzene	4.431	0	0
3-methylhexane	1.614	0	0	?tetrachloromethane	0.000	0	3
n-heptane	1.074	0.1	0	?chloroform	0.022	0	3
2,2,4-trimethylpentane	1.261	0	1	?dichloromethane	0.041	0	3
2,3,4-trimethylpentane	1.030	0	0	?chloromethane	0.038	0	3
2-methylheptane	1.073	0	0	?tetrachloroethylene	0.031	0	2
3-methylheptane	1.239	0	0	?vinyl chloride	2.827	0	4
n-octane	0.899	0.8	0	?formaldehyde	9.456	0.7	3
n-nonane	0.781	1.9	0	?aceteldehyde	6.539	0.6	3
n-decane	0.684	7	0	?acrolein	7.451	0	2
n-undecane	0.611	16.2	0	?propionaldehyde	7.081	0.5	1
ethene	8.995	1.3	1	?butyraldehyde	5.974	0	1
propene	11.665	1.6	0	?valeraldehyde	5.082	0	0
1,3-butadiene	12.612	1.8	4	?isovaleraldehyde	4.972	0	0
1-butene	9.727	1.2	0	?benzaldehyde	0.000	216.1	2
cis-2-butene	14.241	3.6	0	?hexanaldehyde	4.353	0	0
trans-2-butene	15.163	4	0	?acetone	0.356	0.3	0
isoprene	10.607	1.9	1	?methyl ethyl ketone	1.481	0.6	1
1-pentene	7.207	0	0	?isopropanol	0.614	0.4	0
cis-2-pentene	10.384	3.1	0	?ethyl acetate	0.626	0.1	0
trans-2-pentene	10.565	3.1	0

Tab.1 MIR, SOAP, and toxicity grades of 75 VOC species

Fig.1 Multi-effects evaluation method used in this work

Fig.2 Contribution of (a) each sector, (b) different industrial sectors, (c) different solvent usage sectors, (d) different transportation sources to the multi-effects and emissions of VOCs

Fig.3 Contribution of the different groups of VOCs to (a) OFP, SOAP, toxicity and the integrated effect, and (b) different VOC sources

Tab.2 TOP 10 VOC species whose emissions need to be reduced in China

Fig.4 (a) OFP/emissions, (b) SOAP/emissions, (c) toxicity/emissions, (d) multi-effects/emissions, (e) VOCs emissions of different regions

Fig.5 (a) VOC emissions and (b) multi-effects associated with the GDP per unit for 15 important sectors

1	Shao M, Lu S, Liu Y, Xie X, Chang C, Huang S, Chen Z.Volatile organic compounds measured in summer in Beijing and their role in ground-level ozone formation. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2009, 114(D2):1291–1298 https://doi.org/doi:10.1029/2008JD010863
2	Carter W P, Pierce J A, Luo D, Malkina I L. Environmental chamber study of maximum incremental reactivities of volatile organic compounds. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(18): 2499–2511 https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00149-S
3	Atkinson R, Arey J. Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds. Chemical Reviews, 2003, 103(12): 4605–4638 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0206420
4	Kanakidou M, Seinfeld J H, Pandis S N, Barnes I, Dentener F J, Facchini M C, Van Dingenen R, Ervens B, Nenes A, Nielsen C J, Swietlicki E, Putaud J P, Balkanski Y, Fuzzi S, Horth J, Moortgat G K, Winterhalter R, Myhre C E L, Tsigaridis K, Vignati E, Stephanou E G, Wilson J. Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 5(4): 1053–1123 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005
5	Wang S, Wu D, Wang X M, Fung J C H, Yu J Z. Relative contributions of secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene, xylenes, isoprene, and monoterpenes in Hong Kong and Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta, China: an emission—based box modeling study. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2013, 118(2): 507–519 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017985
6	Mølhave L. Volatile organic compounds, indoor air quality and health. Indoor Air,1991, 1(4): 357–376 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.00001.x
7	Zhou J, You Y, Bai Z, Hu Y, Zhang J, Zhang N. Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(3): 452–459 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.022
8	Avery R J. Reactivity-based VOC control for solvent products: more efficient ozone reduction strategies. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(16): 4845–4850 https://doi.org/10.1021/es060296u
9	Derwent R, JenkinM E, Passant N R, Pilling M J. Reactivity-based strategies for photochemical ozone control in Europe. Environmental Science & Policy, 2007, 10(5): 445–453 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.01.005
10	Laurent A, M ZHauschild. Impacts of NMVOC emissions on human health in European countries for 2000–2010: use of sector-specific substance profiles. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 85: 247–255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.060
11	Shin H J, Kim J C, Lee S J, Kim Y P. Evaluation of the optimum volatile organic compounds control strategy considering the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol in Seoul, Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2013, 20(3): 1468–1481 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1108-5
12	Yuan B, Chen W, Shao M, Wang M, Lu S, Wang B, Liu Y, Chang C C, Wang B. Measurements of ambient hydrocarbons and carbonyls in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. Atmospheric Research, 2012, 116: 93–104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.03.006
13	Lv Z F, Hao J M, Duan J C, Li J H. Estimate of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosol in Beijing summertime. Environmental Sciences, 2009, 30(4): 969–975 (in Chinese)
14	Bo Y, Cai H, Xie S. Spatial and temporal variation of historical anthropogenic NMVOCs emission inventories in China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, 8(23): 7297–7316 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7297-2008
15	Wei W, Wang S, Hao J, Cheng S. Trends of chemical speciation profiles of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China, 2005–2020. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2014, 8(1): 27–41 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0461-4
16	Liu Y, Shao M, Fu L, Lu S, Zeng L, Tang D. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China: Part I. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(25): 6247–6260 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.070
17	Wei W, Wang S, Chatani S, Klimont Z, Cofala J, Hao J. Emission and speciation of non-methane volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources in China. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(20): 4976–4988 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.044
18	Lu S, Liu Y, Shao M, Huang S. Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during summer in Beijing, 2004. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2007, 1(2): 147–152 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-007-0026-0
19	Derwent R G, Jenkin M E, Passant N R, Pilling M J. Photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) for different emission sources of organic compounds under European conditions estimated with a Master Chemical Mechanism. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(12): 2570–2579 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.019
20	Suthawaree J, Tajima Y, Khunchornyakong A, Kato S, Sharp A, Kajii Y. Identification of volatile organic compounds in suburban Bangkok, Thailand and their potential for ozone formation. Atmospheric Research, 2012, 104-105:245–254 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.019
21	Carter W P. SAPRC Atmospheric Chemical Mechanisms and VOC Reactivity Scales. 2013. Available online at<Date>(accessed March 28, 2015)</Date>
22	Pandis S N, Harley R A, Cass G R, Seinfeld J H. Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport. Atmospheric Environment. Part A, General Topics, 1992, 26(13): 2269–2282 https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90358-R
23	Matsumoto K, Matsumoto K, Mizuno R, Igawa M. Volatile organic compounds in ambient aerosols. Atmospheric Research, 2010, 97(1–2): 124–128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.014
24	Kroll J H, Seinfeld J H. Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(16): 3593–3624 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003
25	Derwent R G, Jenkin M E, Utembe S R, Shallcross D E, Murrells T P, Passant N R. Secondary organic aerosol formation from a large number of reactive man-made organic compounds. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(16): 3374–3381 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.013
26	Chang C T, Chen B Y. Toxicity assessment of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motorcycle exhaust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 153(3): 1262–1269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.091
27	Ramírez N, Cuadras A, Rovira E, Borrull F, Marcé R M. Chronic risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere near the largest Mediterranean industrial site. Environment International, 2012, 39(1): 200–209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.002
28	European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Reference document on best available techniques in the large volume organic chemical industry. Sevilla, <Date>February</Date>, 2003
29	World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Agents classified by the IARC monographs. 2013. Available online at <Date>(accessed March 25, 2015)</Date>
30	Yang L, Wu Y, Davis J M, Hao J. Estimating the effects of meteorology on PM2.5 reduction during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2011, 5(3): 331–341 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0307-5
31	Mancilla Y, Herckes P, Fraser M P, Mendoza A. Secondary organic aerosol contributions to PM2.5 in Monterrey, Mexico: Temporal and seasonal variation. Atmospheric Research, 2015, 153: 348–359 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.09.009
32	Song Y, Xie S, Zhang Y, Zeng L, Salmon L G, Zheng M. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 372(1): 278–286 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.041
33	Daisey J, Mahanama K, Hodgson A. Toxic volatile organic compounds in simulated environmental tobacco smoke: emission factors for exposure assessment. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1997, 8(3):313–334
34	St. Helen G, Jacob P, Peng M, Dempsey D A, Hammond S K, Benowitz N L. Intake of toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds from secondhand smoke in motor vehicles. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2014, 23(12): 2774–2782 https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0548

[1]

FSE-15055-OF-NH_suppl_1

Download

[1]	Jinbo Wang, Jiaping Wang, Wei Nie, Xuguang Chi, Dafeng Ge, Caijun Zhu, Lei Wang, Yuanyuan Li, Xin Huang, Ximeng Qi, Yuxuan Zhang, Tengyu Liu, Aijun Ding. Response of organic aerosol characteristics to emission reduction in Yangtze River Delta region[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 114-.
[2]	Wei WEI, Shuxiao WANG, Jiming HAO, Shuiyuan CHENG. Trends of chemical speciation profiles of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China, 2005–2020[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 2014, 8(1): 27-41.
[3]	Biwu CHU, Jiming HAO, Junhua LI, Hideto TAKEKAWA, Kun WANG, Jingkun JIANG. Effects of two transition metal sulfate salts on secondary organic aerosol formation in toluene/NO_x photooxidation[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 2013, 7(1): 1-9.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed