Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1469-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 35 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1469-4

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities

Jiaheng Zhao¹, Bing Li¹(

), Pin Lv¹, Jiahui Hou¹, Yong Qiu²(

), Xia Huang²

¹. School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
². State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

• Distribution of ARGs in decentralized sewage facilities were investigated.

• Bacitracin-ARGs were most predominant ARGs in rural wastewater.

• ARGs were identified in bacterial and viral community.

• ARGs of rpoB, drfE, gyrA and parC were both correlated with bacteria and phages.

• More attention should be paid to the risk of spreading ARG by phages.

The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been intensively studied in large-scale wastewater treatment plants and livestock sources. However, small-scale decentralized sewage treatment facilities must also be explored due to their possible direct exposure to residents. In this study, six wastewater treatment facilities in developed rural areas in eastern China were investigated to understand their risks of spreading ARGs. Using metagenomics and network analysis tools, ARGs and bacterial and viral communities were identified in the influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples. The dominant ARGs belonged to the bacitracin class, which are different from most of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The dominant hosts of ARGs are Acidovorax in bacterial communities and Prymnesiovirus in viral communities. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between ARGs and phages. The ARGs significantly correlated with phages were all hosted by specific genera of bacteria, indicating that phages had contributed to the ARG’s proliferation in sewage treatment facilities. Paying significant concern on the possible enhanced risks caused by bacteria, viruses and their related ARGs in decentralized sewage treatment facilities is necessary.

Keywords Decentralized sewage treatment facilities Antibiotic resistance genes Virus Metagenomics Network analysis

Corresponding Author(s): Bing Li,Yong Qiu

Issue Date: 13 July 2021

Cite this article:

Jiaheng Zhao,Bing Li,Pin Lv, et al. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(3): 35.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1469-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I3/35

Tab.1 Process description and water quality of six investigated facilities in this study

Fig.1 Bacterial and viral community composition in influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples at the genus level. The inner circle lists names of INF and EFF samples and microbial genera. The connecting lines inside the circle link the genera to the samples, and the width of each line indicates the relative abundance of each genera in the INF and EFF sample. The color of each line was used to distinguish the links between samples and microbial genera.

Fig.2 Distribution of bacteria-related ARGs in wastewater. (a) Relative abundances of ARGs conferring resistance to antibiotics detected in the influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples. (b) The differences between proportion values of ARGs in INF and EFF samples based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. *means statistically significant difference (p-value<0.05) between INF and EFF samples. Error bars indicated standard deviation (n = 12).

Fig.3 Different kinds of ARGs and their distribution in bacterial communities (the color intensity in each panel indicates log10-transformed values of relative abundance).(a) The top 20 abundant bacterial ARGs based on the RPKM method. Larger positive value means higher relative abundance. AR is antibiotic resistance, AS is antibiotic sensitive, ABS is antibiotic biosynthesis and AT is antibiotic target; (b) Contribution of bacteria at genus level to the four antibiotic resistance types (AR, AS, AT, ABS).

Fig.4 Different kinds of ARGs and their distribution in viral communities. (a) Top 20 abundant ARGs based on the RPKM method (the color intensity in each panel stands for log10-transformed value of relative abundance), along with the antibiotics that each ARG confers resistance to (in parentheses). And colorful bars of the right side represent different categories. (b) Contribution of viral compositions at genus level to the three antibiotic resistance types (AR, AT, AS) in influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples.

Fig.5 The bipartite network of bacterial genera and ARGs. The colorful nodes refer to various ARG categories and bacterial genera, and the sizes of nodes represent the relative abundance of ARGs and bacteria. The red lines represent positive correlations between ARGs and bacteria.

Fig.6 The bipartite network of viral genera and ARGs. The colorful nodes refer to various ARG categories and viral genera and the sizes of nodes represent the relative abundance of ARGs and virus. The red lines represent positive correlations between ARGs and viral genera.

Fig.7 Correlations between ARGs and bacteria or bacteriophages. (a) drfE; (b) gryA and parC; (c) rpoB.

Tab.2 The spreading ability of shared-ARG by phage

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