Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health

doi:10.1007/s11783-022-1552-5

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (9) : 120 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-022-1552-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health

María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro¹(

), Elizabeth Selene Gómez-Acata¹, Carolina Brunner-Mendoza²

¹. Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
². Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico

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Abstract

• The airborne bacteria of Mexico City are representative of urban environments.

• Particle material<10 µm influenced the type and quantity of airborne bacteria.

• The diversity and richness of bacteria were higher in the rainy season.

• The emission & transport of airborne bacteria determine the atmosphere’s microbiome.

• Bacterias as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Staphylococcus were in the air of Mexico City.

Bacteria in the air present patterns in space and time produced by different sources and environmental factors. Few studies have focused on the link between airborne pathogenic bacteria in densely populated cities, and the risk to the population’s health. Bacteria associated with particulate matter (PM) were monitored from the air of Mexico City (Mexico). We employed a metagenomic approach to characterise bacteria using the 16S rRNA gene. Airborne bacteria sampling was carried out in the north, centre, and south of Mexico City, with different urbanisation rates, during 2017. Bacteria added to the particles were sampled using high-volume PM₁₀ samplers. To ascertain significant differences in bacterial diversity between zones and seasons, the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon tests were done on alpha diversity parameters. Sixty-three air samples were collected, and DNA was sequenced using next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that the bacterial phyla in the north and south of the city were Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, while in the central zone there were more Actinobacteria. There were no differences in the alpha diversity indices between the sampled areas. According to the OTUs, the richness of bacteria was higher in the central zone. Alpha diversity was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the Shannon index and the OTUs observed were higher in the central zone in the dry season. Pathogenic bacteria such as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Micrococcus predominated in both seasonal times, while Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Nocardioides were found during the rainy season, with a presence in the central zone.

Keywords Airborne bacteria Urbanisation PM₁₀ Mexico City Microbiome

Corresponding Author(s): María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro

About author:

Tongcan Cui and Yizhe Hou contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 02 March 2022

Cite this article:

María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro,Elizabeth Selene Gómez-Acata,Carolina Brunner-Mendoza. Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(9): 120.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-022-1552-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I9/120

Tab.1 Characteristics of the sampling areas

Fig.1 Rarefaction curve for observed OTU metrics according to zone and season. The lines indicate the airborne samples from the centre zone (blue line), north zone (green line), and south zone (yellow line) in the rainy season and the airborne samples of the centre zone (red line), north zone (orange line), and south zone (lilac line) in the dry season. The error bars indicate the standard deviation (sd).

Fig.2 (a) Alpha diversity indices and observed OTUs of the three sampling areas. (b) Alpha diversity indices and observed OTUs between the dry and rainy seasons.

Tab.2 A Alpha diversity indices in the three different sampling areas

Table 2B Alpha diversity indices by season

Tab.3 Alpha diversity indices corresponding to the three different sampling areas during the dry and rainy seasons

Fig.3 Heat map of the relative abundance of the most abundant taxonomic groups of airborne bacteria (a) by zone, (b) by zone and time of year, and (c) by season. *Genera of bacteria reported as pathogens.

Fig.4 Main taxa of airborne bacteria registered in the northern, central, and southern zones of Mexico City during the dry and rainy seasons.

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